90 Slide Valve.
stroke for the valve 4½ inches of cover of the steam side will cause the steam
to be cut off when the piston has still a quarter of its stroke to perform.
Half the stroke of the valve must always be at least equal to the cover on
the steam side added to the breadth[1] of the port; consequently, as the
cover, in this case, must be 4½ inches, and as half the stroke of the valve is
9 inches, the breadth of the port cannot be more than (9 - 4½ = 4½) 4½
inches. If this breadth of port is not enough, we must increase the stroke of the valve; by which means we shall get both the cover and the breadth of the port proportionally increased. Thus, if we make the length of valve-stroke 20 inches, we shall have for the cover .250 x 20 = 5 inches, and for the breadth of the port 10 - 5 = 5 inches.
TABLE I.
| Distance of the piston from the termination of its stroke, when the steam is cut off, in parts of the length of its stroke | 8/24 or 1/3 | 7/24 | 6/24 or 1/4 | 5/24 | 4/24 or 1/6 | 3/24 or 1/8 | 2/24 or 1/12 | 1/24 |
| Cover on the steam side of the valve, in decimal parts of the length of its stroke | .289 | .270 | .250 | .228 | .204 | .177 | .144 | .102 |
This table, as we have already intimated, is computed on the supposition
that the valve is to have no lead; but, if it is to have lead, all that is necessary is, to subtract half the proposed lead from the cover found from the table, and the remainder will be the proper quantity of cover to give to the valve. Suppose that, in the last example, the valve was to have ¼ inch of
lead, we would subtract 1/6 inch from the 5 inches found for the cover by
table: that would leave 4⅞ inches for the quantity of cover that the valve
ought to have.
TABLE II.
| Length of the stroke of the valve in inches. | Cover required on the steam side of the valve to cut the steam off at any of the under-noted parts of the stroke. | |||||||
| 1/3 | 7/24 | 1/4 | 5/24 | 1/6 | 1/8 | 1/12 | 1/24 | |
| 24 | 6.94 | 6.48 | 6.00 | 5.47 | 4.90 | 4.25 | 3.47 | 2.45 |
| 23½ | 6.79 | 6.34 | 5.88 | 5.36 | 4.79 | 4.16 | 3.39 | 2.39 |
| 23 | 6.65 | 6.21 | 5.75 | 5.24 | 4.69 | 4.07 | 3.32 | 2.34 |
| 22½ | 6.50 | 6.07 | 5.62 | 5.13 | 4.59 | 3.98 | 3.25 | 2.29 |
| 22 | 6.36 | 5.94 | 5.50 | 5.02 | 4.49 | 3.89 | 3.13 | 2.24 |
| 21½ | 6.21 | 5.80 | 5.38 | 4.90 | 4.39 | 3.80 | 3.10 | 2.19 |
| 21 | 6.07 | 5.67 | 5.25 | 4.79 | 4.28 | 3.72 | 3.03 | 2.14 |
| 20½ | 5.92 | 5.53 | 5.12 | 4.67 | 4.18 | 3.63 | 2.96 | 2.09 |
| 20 | 5.78 | 5.40 | 5.00 | 4.56 | 4.08 | 3.54 | 2.89 | 2.04 |
| 19½ | 5.64 | 5.26 | 4.87 | 4.45 | 3.98 | 3.45 | 2.82 | 1.99 |
| 19 | 5.49 | 5.13 | 4.75 | 4.33 | 3.88 | 3.36 | 2.74 | 1.94 |
| 18½ | 5.34 | 4.99 | 4.62 | 4.22 | 3.77 | 3.27 | 2.67 | 1.88 |
| 18 | 5.20 | 4.86 | 4.50 | 4.10 | 3.67 | 3.19 | 2.60 | 1.83 |
| 17½ | 5.06 | 4.72 | 4.37 | 3.99 | 3.57 | 3.10 | 2.53 | 1.78 |
| 17 | 4.91 | 4.59 | 4.25 | 3.88 | 3.47 | 3.01 | 2.45 | 1.73 |
| 16½ | 4.77 | 4.45 | 4.12 | 3.76 | 3.36 | 2.92 | 2.38 | 1.68 |
| 16 | 4.62 | 4.32 | 4.00 | 3.65 | 3.26 | 2.83 | 2.31 | 1.63 |
| 15½ | 4.48 | 4.18 | 3.87 | 3.53 | 3.16 | 2.74 | 2.24 | 1.58 |
| 15 | 4.33 | 4.05 | 3.75 | 3.42 | 3.06 | 2.65 | 2.16 | 1.03 |
| 14½ | 4.19 | 3.91 | 3.62 | 3.31 | 2.96 | 2.57 | 2.09 | 1.48 |
| 14 | 4.05 | 3.78 | 3.50 | 3.19 | 2.86 | 2.48 | 2.02 | 1.43 |
| 13½ | 3.90 | 3.64 | 3.37 | 3.08 | 2.75 | 2.39 | 1.95 | 1.37 |
| 13 | 3.76 | 3.51 | 3.25 | 2.96 | 2.65 | 2.30 | 1.88 | 1.32 |
| 12½ | 3.61 | 3.37 | 3.12 | 2.85 | 2.55 | 2.21 | 1.80 | 1.27 |
| 12 | 3.47 | 3.24 | 3.00 | 2.74 | 2.45 | 2.12 | 1.73 | 1.22 |
| 11½ | 3.32 | 3.10 | 2.87 | 2.62 | 2.35 | 2.03 | 1.66 | 1.17 |
| 11 | 3.18 | 2.97 | 2.75 | 2.51 | 2.24 | 1.95 | 1.58 | 1.12 |
| 10½ | 3.03 | 2.83 | 2.62 | 2.39 | 2.14 | 1.86 | 1.51 | 1.07 |
| 10 | 2.89 | 2.70 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 2.04 | 1.77 | 1.44 | 1.02 |
| 9½ | 2.65 | 2.56 | 2.37 | 2.17 | 1.93 | 1.68 | 1.32 | 0.96 |
| 9 | 2.60 | 2.43 | 2.25 | 2.05 | 1.84 | 1.59 | 1.30 | 0.92 |
| 8½ | 2.46 | 2.29 | 2.12 | 1.94 | 1.73 | 1.50 | 1.23 | 0.86 |
| 8 | 2.31 | 2.16 | 2.00 | 1.82 | 1.63 | 1.42 | 1.15 | 0.81 |
| 7½ | 2.16 | 2.02 | 1.87 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.33 | 1.08 | 0.76 |
| 7 | 2.02 | 1.89 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 1.43 | 1.24 | 1.01 | 0.71 |
| 6½ | 1.88 | 1.75 | 1.62 | 1.48 | 1.32 | 1.15 | 0.94 | 0.66 |
| 6 | 1.73 | 1.62 | 1.50 | 1.37 | 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.86 | 0.61 |
| 5½ | 1.58 | 1.48 | 1.37 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 0.56 |
| 5 | 1.44 | 1.35 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.51 |
| 4½ | 1.30 | 1.21 | 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.46 |
| 4 | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.41 |
| 3½ | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.35 |
| 3 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.30 |
Table II. is an extension of Table I., for the purpose of obviating, in most
cases, the necessity of even the very small degree of trouble required in multiplying the stroke of the valve by one of the decimals in Table I. The first line of Table II. consists, as in Table I., of eight fractions, indicating the various parts of the stroke at which the steam may be cut off. The first column on the left hand consists of various numbers that represent the different lengths that may be given to the stroke of the valve, diminishing, by half-inches, from 24 inches to 3 inches. Suppose that you wish the steam cut off at any of the eight parts of the stroke indicated in the first line of the table (say at 1/6 from the end of the stroke,) you find 1/6 at the top of the sixth column from the left. Look for the proposed length of stroke of the valve (say 17 inches) in the first column on the left. From 17, in that column, run along the line towards the right, and in the sixth column, and directly under the 1/6 at the top, you will find 3.47, which is the cover required to cause the steam to be cut off at 1/6 from the end of the stroke, if the valve has no lead. If you wish to give it lead (say ¼ inch,) subtract the half of that, or ⅛ = .125 inch from 3.47, and you will have 3.47 - .125 = 3.345 inches, the quantity of cover that the valve should have.
To find the greatest breadth that we can give to the port in this case, we
have, as before, half the length of stroke, 8½ - 3.345 = 5.155 inches, which
is the greatest breadth we can give to the port with this length of stroke. It is scarcely necessary to observe that it is not at all essential that the port should be so broad as this; indeed, where great length of stroke in the
valve is not inconvenient, it is always an advantage to make it travel farther than is just necessary to make the port full open; because, when it travels farther, both the exhausting and steam ports are more quickly opened, so as to allow greater freedom of motion to the steam.
The manner of using this table is so simple, that we need not trouble the reader with more examples. We pass on, therefore, to explain the use of
Table III.
Suppose that the piston of a steam-engine is making its downward stroke,
that the steam is entering the upper part of the cylinder by the upper
steam-port, and escaping from below the piston by the lower exhausting-port; then, if (as is generally the case) the slide-valve has some cover on the steam side, the upper port will be closed before the piston gets to the
bottom of the stroke, and the steam above then acts expansively, while the
communication between the bottom of the cylinder and the condenser still
continues open, to allow any vapour from the condensed water in the cylinder, or any leakage past the piston, to escape into the condenser; but, before the piston gets to the bottom of the cylinder, this passage to the condenser will also be cut off by the valve closing the lower port. Soon after the lower port is thus closed, the upper port will be opened towards the condenser, so as to allow the steam that has been acting expansively to escape. Thus, before the piston has completed its stroke, the propelling power is removed from behind it, and a resisting power is opposed before it, arising from the vapour in the cylinder, which has no longer any passage open to the condenser. It is evident, that if there is no cover on the exhausting side of the valve, the exhausting port before the piston will be closed, and the one behind it opened, at the same time; but, if there is any cover on the exhausting side, the port before the piston will be closed before that behind it is opened; and the interval between the closing of the one, and the opening of the other, will depend on the quantity of cover on the exhausting side of the valve. Again, the position of the piston in the cylinder, when these ports are closed and opened respectively, will depend on the quantity of cover that the valve has on the steam side. If the cover is large enough to cut the steam off when the piston is yet a considerable distance from the end of its stroke, these ports will be closed and opened at a proportinnably early part of the stroke; and when it is attempted to obtain great expansion by the slide-valve alone, without an expansion-valve, considerable loss of power is incurred from this cause.
Table III. is intended to show the parts of the stroke where, under any
given arrangement of slide-valve, these ports close and open respectively, so that thereby the engineer may be able to estimate how much of the efficiency of the engine he loses, while he is trying to add to the power of the steam by increasing the expansion in this manner. In the table, there are eight double columns, and at the heads of these columns are eight fractions as before, representing so many different parts of the stroke at which the steam may be supposed to be cut off.
In the left-hand single column in each double one, are four decimals which represent the distance of the piston (in terms of the length of its stroke) from the end of its stroke when the exhausting-port before it is opened, corresponding with the degree of expansion indicated by the fraction at the top of the double column and the cover on the exhausting side opposite to these decimals respectively in the left-hand column. The right-hand single column in each double one contains also each four decimals, which show in the same way at what part of the stroke the exhausting-port behind the piston is opened. A few examples will, perhaps, explain this best.
Suppose we have an engine in which the slide-valve is made to cut the steam off when the piston is 1-3d from the end of its stroke, and that the
cover on the exhausting side of the valve is 1-8th of the whole length of its
- ↑ By the "breadth" of the port, we mean its direction in the direction of the valve's motion; in short, its perpendicular depth when the cylinder is upright. The words "cover" and "lap" are synonymous.
