CAENEGIE
CAENEKI
by writing. For a few years he was the
tutor of Charles and Arthur Buller. He
was still religious, though not a Christian,
and he began to take a deep interest in
Goethe and German philosophy. In 1822
his Life of Schiller brought him some
success in letters, and he ceased to teach.
In 1826 he married Miss Welsh. He
settled in London in 1834, and his French
Eevolution (1836-37) established his genius.
Sartor Besartus, the finest exposition of his
vague Pantheistic philosophy, had been
published in 1834, but for a long time it
awakened little more than distrust and
dislike. In 1865 he was elected Kector of
Edinburgh University, and his fame rose
so high that in 1874 he was offered, and
he refused, the Grand Cross of the Order
of the Bath. Carlyle glorified Voltaire (in
an essay on him) for giving " the death-
stab to modern superstition," and his
Frederick the Great always eulogizes that
monarch as a pupil of Voltaire. His scorn
of Christianity also finds expression in his
Life of Sterling. He said to the poet
Allingham : " I have for many years strictly
avoided going to church or having anything
to do with Mumbo-Jumbo " (Diary, p. 217).
When Allingham spoke to him about a
future life, he said : " We know nothing.
All is, and must be, utterly incomprehen
sible " (p. 269). There is the same testi
mony in the Life of Tennyson (ii, 410). In
spite of his strictures on Darwinism and
Positivism, Carlyle was one of the greatest
Rationalist forces of his time, and one of
the finest moral influences in Rationalism.
D. Feb. 5, 1881.
CARNEGIE, Andrew, LL.D., philan thropist. B. Nov. 25, 1837. He was taken to the United States in 1848, and became a weaver s assistant in a cotton factory. Three years later he entered the telegraphic service at Pittsburg, and he rose to the position of superintendent. His prosperity began with his interest in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company and certain oil- mines ; and after the Civil War, in which he rendered great service, he turned to
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iron. He established at Pittsburg the
Keystone Bridge Works and the Union
Iron Works. By 1888 he was the chief
owner of the Homestead Steel Works. In
1899 his various interests were united in
the Carnegie Steel Company, which in
1901 was merged in the United States
Steel Corporation. The benefactions of
Mr. Carnegie, which amounted in all to
about 70,000,000, far surpass every his
torical record, and have founded and
munificently endowed a number of institu
tions of the greatest value to humanity.
He was Lord Rector of St. Andrew s
University (1903-7) and Aberdeen Univer
sity (1912-14), and he received his degree
from thirteen different universities. Mr.
Carnegie wrote a few books (especially
The Gospel of Wealth, 1900, and Life of
James Watt, 1905), but he was generally
reticent about religion. A few sceptical
observations occur in his life of Watt. He
refers to " the mysterious realm which
envelops man " (p. 33) and says, apropos
of philosophic discussion : " We are but
young in all this mystery business " (p. 54).
He once said (as the Catholic Citizen wrote
at the time of his death) that he gave
money for church organs " in the hope
that the organ music will distract the con
gregation s attention from the rest of the
service." The New York Truthseeker
(Aug. 23, 1919) quotes a confession of
faith he made in 1912, rejecting " all
creeds " and declaring himself " a disciple
of Confucius and Franklin." To Dr.
Moncure D. Conway, w ? ith whom he was
on terms of intimacy, he made it clear that
he was to all intents and purposes an
Agnostic. D. Aug. 10, 1919.
GARNERI, Baron Bartolomaus von,
Austrian philosophical writer. B. Nov. 3, 1821. Ed. Vienna University. Carneri was a prominent Liberal representative in the Austrian Parliament from 1870 to 1890, and a devoted student of science and aesthetics. Adopting the philosophy of Feuerbach and the doctrine of evolution, he issued a number of Rationalist works on 142
