HAECKEL
HALEVY
became the German apostle of evolution.
His development of the theory was, how
ever, far more than a repetition of Darwin.
His Gcnerelle Morphologic der Organismen
(2 vols., 1866), Natiirliche Sclwpfungsges-
chichte (1868), Anthropogenic (1874), and
Systematische Phylogenie (3 vols., 1894-96)
are masterpieces of evolutionary philo
sophy ; and his skill in illustrating his
own works added considerably to his
educational value. The charge, which a
popular Christian Evidence lecturer, Dr.
Brass, brought against him in 1908, of
" falsifying " some of his illustrations,
recoiled heavily on the lecturer s own head.
Forty-six of the most eminent zoologists
and embryologists of Germany and Austria
spontaneously issued a letter in which
they " most stringently condemn " the
charge. The most that they would admit
was that Haeckel, for clearer education,
sometimes made his illustrations more
diagrammatic than they liked. Professor
Hertwig and Professor Rabl went further,
and convicted Brass himself of falsifying
illustrations. The Kepler Bund the
Christian Evidence body to which Brass
belonged issued a counter-manifesto, but,
although they expressly accused their own
champion of " bad taste " in his charges,
no distinguished biologist in Germany
would sign their letter. The facts and
documents are all given in Professor
H. Schmidt s Haeckel s Embryonenbilder
(1909), and the reiteration of the charge
in the religious Press since 1909 is gravely
dishonest. Haeckel was one of the first
biologists of his day. He wrote forty
scientific volumes, and he had four gold
medals and seventy diplomas of member
ship of learned societies. For fifty years
he was an outspoken Rationalist, or Monist,
and his Riddle of the Universe (1899) was
translated into over twenty languages,
more than two million copies being sold.
Few scientific men ever received greater
honours during life, and none approached
Haeckel in the work of popular enlighten
ment. He was a man of simple life and
most winning character, an idealist of the
319
most refined type, an accomplished artist,
and a man of science with an exceptionally
wide range of study. D. Aug. 8, 1919.
HALEYY, Jacques Francois Fromen- tel Elie, composer. B. May 27, 1799. Ed. Paris Conservatoire and Rome (Prix de Rome). In 1826 he was appointed professor at the Conservatoire, and in the following year his first opera was staged. His La Juive (1835), a classic of modern French music, put him in the front rank of French composers. He was also an elegant writer, a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and a member of the Academy. A warm friend of Renan, he seems to have exchanged the Jewish creed for a liberal Theism. D. Mar. 17, 1862.
HALEYY, Joseph, French orientalist. B. Dec. 15, 1827. After teaching for some years at Adrianople, where he was born, and Bucharest, he \vas naturalized in France, and discharged various missions in Armenia and Arabia for the French Government and the Jewish Alliance. He was then appointed teacher of Ethiopia at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, and he was joint-editor, with Darmesteter, of the liberal Revue des Etudes Juives from 1880 on ward. His works on Assyrian and Ethiopic remains are weighty ; his advanced views are seen in his Becherches bibliques (1895).
HALEYY, Leon (brother of Jacques), French writer. B. Jan. 14, 1802. Ed. Lyc6e Charlemagne. Renouncing the Jewish faith early in his literary career, he joined the Saint-Simonians and col laborated on their Producteur. Halevy was a man of great erudition and admir able art. He translated Homer, JEschylus, Herodian, and Shakespeare, and wrote a number of dramas and volumes of verse, history, and travel. Several of his works were crowned by the Academy. He was professor of literature at the Polytechnic 1831-34, and was in the Ministry of Public Instruction 1837-53. D. Sep. 2, 1883. 320
