MALON
MANDEVILLE
edited Bolingbroke s works (5 vols., 1754),
and was a great friend of Hume and Gibbon.
Mallet was " a great declaimer in all the
London coffee-houses against Christianity"
(Diet. Nat. Biog.). D. Apr. 21, 1765.
MALON, Benoit, French politician. B. 1841. Son of a peasant, and at first himself a Parisian worker, Malon won a prominent position, and was one of the founders of the International. In 1869 he joined the staff of the Marseillais, and he was a Moderate member of the Commune of 1871 and of the first National Assembly. He fled to Switzerland, and continued his work there. He wrote a novel (Spartacus, 1877) and several economic works, and translated Lassalle s Capital and Labour. In religion he was not less advanced than in politics.
MALOT, Hector Henri, French novelist. B. May 20, 1830. Ed. Eouen and Paris. Malot was trained in law, but he quitted it for journalism, and became London correspondent of L Opinion Nationale. In 1859 he published the first novel of a trilogy (Les amants, 1859 ; Les epoux, 1865 ; Les enfants, 1866) which won considerable attention by their fineness of art and sentiment ; and his numerous later stories gave him a high position in French letters. His works are distinguished by their delicate moral tone, of a purely humani tarian character. The French Academy crowned his Sans Famille (1878). D. 1907.
MALTE-BRUUN, Konrad, Danish geo grapher. B. Aug. 12, 1775. Ed. Copen hagen. In 1800 he was banished from Denmark on account of his advanced opinions, and he settled at Paris. Malte- Bruun was one of the first geographers of bis time. In collaboration with Mentelle he published a large geographical work in sixteen volumes (1804-1807), and in 1808 he founded the Annales des Voyages. His chief work is his Precis de geographic et de I histoire (8 vols., 1810-29). D. Dec. 14, 1826.
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MAMIANI BELLA ROYERE, Count
Terenzio, Italian statesman. B. Sep. 19,
1799. In 1831 Mamiani was a member of
the Provisional Government which was set
up at Bologna in rebellion against the
Papacy. When it failed, he fled to Paris,
where he devoted himself to letters and
philosophy. He returned to Italy in 1848,
and, being one of the moderate Liberals,
he was Pius IX s Minister of the Interior
during his brief spell of Liberalism, pleasing
neither party. In 1857, after the checking
of the Papacy, he was appointed professor
of the philosophy of history at Turin
University, and he entered the Italian
Camera. He was Minister of Education
in 1861, Italian representative at Athens
1861-65, ambassador at Berne 1865-67,
and Vice-President of the Senate in 1867.
Mamiani, who is greatly disliked by most
of the Italian nationalists, was a Theist.
His philosophy is largely built upon the
ideas of Hegel, and he talked of a recon
ciliation of the Catholic Church with
modern culture. In his La Religions dell
Avvenire (1880), however, he shows that
he means a religion without revelation or
miracles or dogmas. He was a non-
Christian Theist. D. May 21, 1885.
MANDEYILLE, Bernard, M.D., writer. B. (in Holland) 1670. Ed. Rotterdam and Leyden Universities. The date at which he came to England is unknown, but seems to have been soon after 1690. In 1705 he published at London a satirical poem, The Grumbling Hive. In 1714 he published his well-known study of the origin and nature of morals, The Fable of the Bees, which was furiously attacked and had a good circulation. In 1723 he issued an enlarged edition of it, and this was men tioned for prosecution by the Grand Jury of Middlesex. Mandeville had meanwhile published his Free Thoughts on Religion, the Church, and National Happiness (1720), which is one of his best works. Though he affected to support Christianity, Chris tian writers have very readily rejected his profession, and acknowledged his Deism, 476
