unnecessary and unwarranted. The phrase properly denotes 'all living beings,' and is so used in 8 out of the 13 occurrences in P's account of the Flood (Dri. ad loc.). In 619 715. 16 817 it means animals apart from man; but that in the same connexion it should also mean mankind apart from animals is not to be expected, and could only be allowed on clear evidence.—The difference of standpoint between P and J (65) on this matter is characteristic.
13-16. Directions for building the ark.—13. Announcement
in general terms of some vast impending
catastrophe, involving the end of all flesh (all living beings,
as v.12).—14-16. Description of the Ark.—An Ark (chest)
of gopher wood] probably some resinous wood. In Heb.
(
Hebrew characters) is used only of Noah's ark and the vessel in which
Moses was saved (Ex. 23. 5); the name ark comes to us
through V (arca), where, however, it is also applied to the
ark of the testimony (Ex. 2510 etc.). The Bab. Flood-narrative
has the ordinary word for ship (elippu).—The
vessel is to consist internally of cells (lit. 'nests'), and is
to be coated inside and out with bitumen (cf. Ex. 23).
13. (Hebrew characters)] not (as Est. 911) 'has come to my knowledge,' but 'has
entered into my purpose.' This is better than (with Di.) to take (Hebrew characters)
absolutely (as Am. 82), and (Hebrew characters) as 'according to my purpose.'—(Hebrew characters)]
through them; Ex. 820 911, Ju. 66 etc.—(Hebrew characters) [(Hebrew characters)] G (Greek characters);
V cum terra; so S TOJ. As Ols. says, we should expect (Hebrew characters) ((Hebrew characters)
[Graetz] is unsuitable). But the error probably lies deeper. Ball
emends (Hebrew characters); Bu. (Hebrew characters) [(Hebrew characters)] (Hebrew characters); Gu. (Hebrew characters).
Eerdmans (AT Studien, i. 29) finds a proof of original polytheism.
He reads (Hebrew characters): "we [the gods] are about to destroy
the earth."—14. (Hebrew characters)] GS (Greek characters); TT (Hebrew characters). The word is the Egyptian
ṭeb(t) = 'chest,' 'sarcophagus' ((Greek characters), (Greek characters), in G of Ex. 23. 5): see Ges.
Th.; Erman, ZDMG, xlvi. 123. Jensen (ZA, iv. 272 f.), while admitting
the Egypt. etymology, suggests a connexion with the Ass. ilippu ṭí-bi-*tum
(a kind of ship). I am informed by Dr. C. H. W. Johns that
while the word is written as the determinative for 'ship,' it is not
certain that it was pronounced elippu. He thinks it possible that it
covers the word tabû, found in the phrase ta-bi-e Bêl ilâni Marduk
(Del. Hwb. 699 a), which he is inclined to explain of the processional
barques of the gods. If this conjecture be correct, we may have
here the Bab. original of Heb. (Hebrew characters). See Camb. Bibl. Essays (1909),
p. 37 ff.—(Hebrew characters)] The old trans. were evidently at a loss: G ((Greek characters)) (Greek characters);
V (de) lignis lævigatis; Jer. ligna bituminata: the word
being (Greek characters). Lagarde (Sem. i. 64 f.; Symm. ii. 93 f.) considered it a
mistaken contraction from (Hebrew characters) (brimstone), or rather a foreign word
of the same form which meant originally 'pine-wood.' Others (Bochart,
