GRAHAN
icola, Florida, who, like most inventors, met with ridicule and neglect.
He was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina on October 3, 1803; educated in a northern college and went to Apalachi- cola in 1S33, practising there very suc- cessfully until his death in 1855.
In 1847-8, while preparing a series of papers for the London "Lancet" on the subject of "Equilibrium of Temperature as a Cure for Pulmonary Consumption," one of his chemical experiments on air cooling resulted in the making of artificial ice. He immedi- ately set about perfecting this idea with the result that the first ice machine ever made and operated was patented in 1850. Twelve years before the work of M. Carre 1 in Paris. Dr. Gorrie's claims for air cooling in hospitals were definitley established. It was never his intention to perfect a process for ice making or to exploit his discovery, but rather, in a town where the extreme heat meant torture to fever patients, to cool the air, and during his lifetime no one gave him the encouragement he needed or advanced the necessary funds. He died at Apalachicola on June 18, 1855 after a short illness. After he was dead it was discovered by his fellow citizens that he merited a monument and he had one. This was a discovery which hardly helped Gorrie, but the monument acknowledges the debt of Apalachicola to a good doctor and scientist.
D. W.
From The Home Magazine, Nov., 1906, and personal communications. Apparatus for the Artificial Production of Ice, New York, 1854.
Graham, James (1819-1879).
James Graham was born in New Lisbon, Ohio, May 28, 1819, the third sou of George and Eliza Graham, his father coming from County Down, Ireland.
Of Dr. Graham's early life little is known. He was a graduate of Jeffer- son College, Washington County, Penn-
4 GRAHAM
sylvania and later studied medicine and graduated from the medical de- partment of the university.
He began practice in New Lisbon with his brother-in-law Dr. Fries. In 1849 he moved to Cincinnati, Dr. Fries having preceded him, where they prac- tised together until the Civil War. The year he began practice in Cincin- nati the cholera epidemic was raging, and Dr. Graham was appointed physician to the quarantine station. Soon there- after he had charge of the County Infirmary and in 1851, when the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery was founded, he was made professor of materia medica and lectured on materia medica and therapeutics in the Miami Medical College during the session of 1853-54.
In the latter year he was elected professor of physiology and clinical medicine in the Medical College of Ohio. Among other positions held were those of the professor of materia medica and therapeutics, 1S55; professor of clinical medicine, 1S59; professor of theory and practice, 1864; professor emeritus, 1874. For many years he was dean of the faculty.
For a period of twenty-five years he was clinical lecturer in the Com- merical (now City) Hospital, and in the Good Samaritan Hospital, and president of the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati in 1872.
Dr. Graham never married. He died October 6, 1879 of Bright's disease.
A. G. D.
Graham, James Elliott (1847-1S99).
James E. Graham, dermatologist, was born in Brampton, County of Peel, Ontario, Canada, in May, 1847, the son of Joseph G. Brampton.
He received his early education in the Weston Grammar School and the Upper Canada College, and during this period showed that combination of qualities which made him distin- guished in later years. He graduated from the Toronto Medical School in
