I5O AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 22, 1920
he directed attention to the existence of various culture groups by declaring that
the mound-builders . . . consisted of a number of tribes or peoples bearing about the same relation to one another and occupying about the same culture status as did the Indian tribes inhabiting this country when first visited by Europeans. 1
This pronouncement, while primarily general in its application, extended equally to the Ohio country, as a part of the general mound area, and sounded the keynote to a new order of archaeo- logical investigation.
In the meantime, Professor Frederick W. Putnam and Warren K. Moorehead, working independently of one another, had recog- nized and demonstrated the existence of two distinct culture groups in southern Ohio an extensive village-dwelling culture, repre- sented by sites at Madisonville and Fort Ancient, and a more highly advanced culture, at the Turner and the Hopewell earth- work groups. The general character of the two cultures was manifest, but the data at hand were not sufficient to fix the exact status of either nor to determine their geographical extent. Moore- head, in 1892, advanced the theory of the existence of two races in Ohio, a brachycephalic and a dolichocephalic, and expressed the opinion that the builders of the Hopewell works were "an ad- vanced off-shoot to the north" of the Stone Grave people of Ten- nessee. 2
The next reference to the subject is that of Gerard Fowke, in 1901, who wrote
there is abundant evidence that any of the localities named (the general mound area) have been occupied by two or perhaps more different races; nearly every- where appear aboriginal remains so diverse from one another as to make it almost certain that they belong to a different period of construction or to an unrelated people. Particularly in southern Ohio the dissimilarity to be observed in dif- ferent remains which were at first thrown into a single classification denotes that several waves of population swept over this region . . . while the stone graves or cairns fall into a class to themselves. 3
A definite beginning at classification of local culture groups was
1 Thomas: p. 17 (II).
2 Moorehead (2) : p. 197.
3 Fowke: p. 101.
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