160 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N.-S., 22, 1920
culture. In his report on the Westenhaver mound, Professor Mills concludes:
The examination of the Westenhaver mound shows that it belongs to the early Hopewell culture, and in many ways resembles the Adena mound. . . . With evidences of cultural advancement so obviously lacking, as regards the aboriginal inhabitants of the Ohio valley, it is perhaps gratifying to note that here, at least, in tracing the history of the Hopewell culture, we have something very definite. The evolution from a lower to a higher plane is exemplified in the Adena and Westenhaver stages, with such mounds as the Harness and the vSeip intermediate, and the Hopewell and Tremper mounds representing the highest development. 1
The distinctive traits of the culture represented by the Adena type of mounds may be stated as follows: Shapely, conical mounds, generally single but sometimes occurring in apparent series ; mounds unaccompanied by earthworks; absence of indications of pre- structures of upright timbers ; sites of mounds unleveled and showing no evidence of previous use; erection of mounds often begun by piling logs and brush upon the sites or bases; non-cremation of the dead; burial made upon the base line and throughout the mounds, usually with an important central grave below the base line; sepulchres of logs often used, particularly for the more important burials. Materials from distant sources, as with the Hopewell culture proper, were extensively used, but copper appears to have been employed for objects of ornamentation only, and rarely if ever for utility implements. Of the artifacts persistently occurring there may be mentioned copper bracelets and finger rings ; gorgets of the expanded center and concaved edge type; tubular pipes; necklaces of beads made from univalve shells; and projectile points of flint of the ovate unnotched and the stemmed types.
While the affinities of the Adena type of mounds are apparently strongly with the Hopewell culture, and their classification as such, in a marginal sense, doubtless is justifiable in a broad scheme of handling, there are many fundamental differences between the traits of the two groups. Aside from the use of copper and other material from distant sources, very few traits of the Adena type will be found to correspond in any degree to those of the Hopewell type.
1 Mills (5): p. 284.
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