ware valley as elsewhere in America" for thousands of years, possibly as far back as the closing stages of the glacial period in the northern United States; but he does not believe the evidence thus far furnished as proof of the glacial or immediately postglacial occupancy to be conclusive.
A chapter is devoted to culture characterization areas. Keeping in view the archaeological rather than the ethnological evidence, twenty-two areas are recognized; eleven of these are north of Mexico: (1) The North Atlantic area; (2) the Georgia-Florida area; (3) the Middle and lower Mississippi Valley area; (4) the Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes area; (5) the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains area; (6) the Arid area; (7) the California area; (8) the Columbia-Fraser area; (9) the Northwest Coast area; (10) the Arctic Coast area; (n) the Great Northern-Interior area. For Middle. and South America the areas are: (12) North Mexican; (13) Middle Mexican; (14) South Mexican; (15) Maya-Quiche; (16) Central American-Isthmian; (17) North Andean-Pacific; (18) Middle Andean-Pacific; (19) South Andean-Pacific; (20) Amazon Delta; (21) Primitive South America; (22) West Indian or Antillean. The areas are mapped; but the numbers xx and xxi should be transposed in figure 42 if the map is to coincide with the text; or else the subheading on page 141 should be number 21, and that on page 142 should be number 20; likewise the numbers 20 and 21 on page 97 should be transposed.
The first step in the consideration of antiquities is their classification. Of the available methods the author recommends classification by: (1) Geographic areas; (2) Culture areas; (3) Peoples; (4) Sequence; (5) Kind; (6) Materials; (7) Activities; (8) Culture steps; (9) Function or use.
The acquirement and utilization of materials is given exhaustive treatment, particularly mineral substances: "Stone in its various forms useful, semiprecious, and precious; clay, salt, sulphur, alum, asphaltum, and pigments; gold, silver, copper, tin, quicksilver, meteoric iron, and iron ore, the latter treated and employed always as stone."
The more important quarry and mine sites are discussed at length: Quartzite Bowlder Quarries, District of Columbia; Flint Ridge and Warsaw Quarries, Ohio; Mill Creek Quarries, Illinois; Flint Quarries, Crescent, Missouri; Novaculite Quarries, Arkansas; Chert Quarries of the Great Plains; Quartzite Quarries, Wyoming; Obsidian Mines in the United States and Mexico; Red Pipestone Quarry, Minnesota; Hematite Ore and Paint Mine, Missouri; Steatite Quarries, Mica Mines; Turquoise Mines, Quarries of Building Stone.
