598 Revieivs of Books tions of April, 1803, a formal opinion respecting the question of West Florida, and a note respecting our differences with Spain which Monroe prepared for publication in the Morning Chronicle in May, 1806, but which he concluded to suppress. Students of the history of deaf-mute instruction will find interesting matter in certain letters to John Randolph (pp. 414, 480, 485) who had confided to Monroe's care a deaf-mute nephew. — Many passages which, under the most restricted scheme of annotation, might well have foot- notes, are left unexplained. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861-65. By THOM.A.S L. LivERMORE, Member of the Military Historical So- ciety of Massachusetts. (Boston : Houghton, Mifflin and Com- pany. 1900. Pp. vi, 150.) Colonel Livermore, the author, served in the Civil War as major and brevet colonel of the Fifth, and as colonel of the Eighteenth New Hampshire Volunteers, and is well qualified to interpret military records and reports ; as a member of the Massachusetts Military Historical So- ciety, he has heretofore devoted attention to the subjects of this volume. After a thorough examination during the last three years, of about all ac- cessible records relating to them, he has embodied his conclusions in this book. Colonel Livermore aims to establish, upon the best evidence obtain- able, the number of men who served during the Civil War in the Confed- erate army. In this he is unquestionably successful, and the result of the evidence and estimates he produces is incontrovertible. In the pursuit of evidence, on which to base just conclusions, the au- thor touches on the courage and efficiency of the Union and of the Con- federate army ; gives the numbers engaged in a list of battles, in each of which the losses were not less than 1,000 ; compares battles with others corresponding to them ; and submits a table of the successes and defeats on both sides of the war, as well as estimates of the losses of the Confed- erate army. An official statement of the number of men who served in the Con- federate army is not on record. Some Confederate writers have esti- mated this number to be from 600,000 to 700,000. • Only one of these writers attempts to show by figures the correctness of his estimate, and Colonel Livermore by using these figures demonstrates that the highest of Confederate estimates is too low. A detailed description of Colonel Livermore's methods is impractic- able in this place and only some of the main results at which he arrives can be referred to here. Based on the census of i860 and the conscription laws of the Con- federacy the number of men in its military service is found to have been 1,239,000. Based on the average total strength of regiments, etc., in the Confederate service, including irregular organizations, two figures,
