Payne: History of tJie Nezv World Called America 797 industrial class. Missionary civilization is shown to rest, "like all else within the scope of history," upon a solid economic basis. The origin of the industrial class is accounted for by universal laws and not by the difference in individual aptitude. By two methods, both depend- ing upon the primal condition of servitude of woman, the industrial class is evolved. Evidence is adduced to show that agricultural communities composed exclusively of women existed in both worlds and the tales of Amazons are not fiction but authentic tradition. Increase in population results as a natural physiological process after the assumption of the tasks of agriculture by the males. In Mexico and Peru the contrast between the ruling military class and the laborers is strongly marked, agricultural advancement depending upon and developing with military efficiency. The warrior class is a survival from savagery, the industrial class is a new creation. Even in tlieir religious notions there is separation ; the warrior class concentrate their devotion upon the atmospheric powers and the heavenly bodies while the popular religion is an earth-worship. In gen- eral we may say that there is very little of the " New World " in the first thirty-five pages of the volume. The unit of aboriginal history is assumed to be the pueblo, correspond- ing in a measure to the village community of the Old World ; but unlike it the pueblo was a purely agricultural community, the Amerinds having no domestic animals save the llama. The pueblo is described as the seat of an agricultural tribe, but the definition of a tribe is very unsatisfactory ; the author might have used with profit the publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology relating to the tribe, clan and gens. After con- trasting the political organization of Peru and Mexico, the conclusion is reached that the Mexican dominant pueblo, existing by despotic military power, more nearly approached the feudal system of the Old World than any other government in America. The food-quest is made the foremost cause of migration, and property is interpreted in terms of food. The first migration was from Asia over the " miocene bridge " by means of which there is believed to have been a considerable migration to and fro of the lower mammals. During the Glacial Period the passage to the New World gradually became more difficult, though the land bridge was broadened to include the whole area of Behring Sea. So remote was the time of the first peopling of America that the Amerinds have devel- oped a uniform physical type with only such variations here and there as may be ascribed to the effects of local environment. Mr. Payne has his fling at the science of craniology, quoting from authorities antedating by some years the advance in our knowledge of ethnic anatomy and ig- noring the recent valuable publications based upon it. He continually uses the term " physiology " in the sense of anatomy. Evidence of ethnologic unity of the Amerinds is sought in their lan- guage. The method of procedure is the sound one of comparing the forms of languages not their actual substance, the particular sounds of which they consist. The attempts that have been made to prove Jewish, Greek, Turanian and other "affinities" are briefly described and the
