(No. 209 below). — Bibliography: Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, 274; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, ch.xi; Channing and Hart, Guide, § 142. — Compare earlier forms of federation, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 129, 131, and No. 125 above.
[July 30, 1776.] CHASE. Moves that the word "white," should be inserted in the eleventh Article. The negroes are wealth. Numbers are not a certain rule of wealth. It is the best rule we can lay down. Negroes a species of property, personal estate. If negroes are taken into the computation of numbers to ascertain wealth, they ought to be, in settling the representation. The Massachusetts fisheries, and navigation, ought to be taken into consideration. The young and old negroes are a burthen to their owners. The eastern Colonies have a great advantage in trade. This will give them a superiority. We shall be governed by our interests, and ought to be. If I am satisfied in the rule of levying and appropriating money, I am willing the small Colonies should have a vote.
Wilson. If the war continues two years, each soul will have forty dollars to pay of the public debt. It will be the greatest encouragement to continue slave-keeping, and to increase it, that can be, to exempt them from the numbers which are to vote and pay. Slaves are taxables in the Southern Colonies. It will be partial and unequal. Some Colonies have as many black as white ; these will not pay more than half what they ought. Slaves prevent freemen from cultivating a country. It is attended with many inconveniences.
Lynch. If it is debated, whether their slaves are their property, there is an end of the confederation. Our slaves being our property, why should they be taxed more than the land, sheep, cattle, horses, &c.?
Freemen cannot be got to work in our Colonies ; it is not in the ability or inclination of freemen to do the work that the negroes do. Carolina has taxed their negroes ; so have other Colonies their lands.
Dr. Franklin. Slaves rather weaken than strengthen the State, and there is therefore some difference between them and sheep ; sheep will never make any insurrections.
Rutledge. I shall be happy to get rid of the idea of slavery. The slaves do not signify property ; the old and young cannot work. The property of some Colonies is to be taxed, in others, not. The Eastern Colonies will become the carriers for the Southern ; they will obtain wealth for which they will not be taxed.
August 1. Hooper. North Carolina is a striking exception to the general rule that was laid down yesterday, that the riches of a country
