688 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
growth of the art of gardening, especially as developed by the muni- cipalities ; and gives an interesting account of the organization of the gardening department and an excellent discussion of the methods employed in the work.
Municipal public-service industries were represented by only three or four examples at the exposition. These are sufficient basis, how- ever, for Dr. Wiedefeldt to give a good presentation of the German attitude toward municipalization, which because of peculiarities in German municipal government differs from the attitude of any other country.
Gas-works are sometimes municipalized, but often are in private hands; so a searching study of the subject is not included in the monograph just mentioned, but is left to Oberingenieur Hoffner. His treatment of gas-works is technical, but it attracts one because it is so evidently the work of a competent man. The author begins with a history of the development of gas lighting and covers the whole field, including the newest means of city lighting.
Professor Kiibler treats similarly of electricity in the cities. This study is of especial interest, perhaps, because of the position the Germans have held in the field of electricity, and because the author is a professor at the Dresden Institute of Technology.
Although the water-works exhibit at Dresden was very interest- ing, it was by no means complete, according to Oberingenieur Grahn. In the first part of his paper, therefore, he presents a carefully planned account of German water-works in general; and in the second part he discusses the exhibit.
The centralization and municipalization of the meat supply fur- nish the material of Dr. Edelmann's paper. The history of the move- ment toward municipalization ; the administration of the cattle markets and slaughter-houses ; plans and equipment of the same, including the water supply, drainage system, etc. ; inspection of cattle and meat inspection these are some of the points included. A striking feature is furnished by the establishments for slaughtering dogs and horses for the meat market, to be found in Breslau, Chem- nitz, Munich, Offenbach, Plauen, Solingen, Stolp, and elsewhere.
The demands of traffic and hygiene made necessary the develop- ment of the department of public works, says Oberbaurat Klette, in giving an historical sketch of Tiefbau. This covers a very large and extremely important field : paving, drainage, sewerage, sewage disposal, harbors and docks, etc. The subject is itself of vital impor- tance and is competently presented.
