858 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
regards the ideal of humanity as the foundation of all modern move- ments, and it is expressed in various forms which are here outlined and criticised : socialism and the economic theories of Marx and Engels; individualism, with particular reference to Hirner and Nietzsche and the Anarchists : utilitarianism, pessimism, evolutionism, positivism. In the last lecture the author presents the principles of his own " Modern Ethics of Humanity " : religion, in a liberal sense, is the basis of morals ; love, as feeling, is the central force in morality, but not love apart from reason ; the fact of solidarity gives the rational ground for duty, and duty consists chiefly in habitual devotion to common welfare, not in exceptional acts of martyrdom. What "wel- fare" includes is not distinctly stated.
C. R. HENDERSON.
