5 1 4 THE AMERICAN JO URNAL OF SOCIOLOG Y
occurred. The hatred of the two races, living in the same terri- tory, united to each other by persistent, actual life-interests, and held together by a common civic idea, yet internally quite alien to each other, in their entire character lacking reciprocal under- standing, in their power-interests absolutely hostile to each other hatred in this case, as has been rightly emphasized, was more bitter than could occur between races externally and inter- nally distinct. Ecclesiastical relationships furnish the strongest illustrations, because in them the smallest divergence over fixing of dogma at once involves a logical irreconcilability. If any variation whatever occurs, it is conceptually indifferent whether it is great or small. Thus, in the confessional controversies between the Lutheran and the "Reformed" communions, particu- larly in the seventeenth century : scarcely had the great schism between Catholics and Protestants occurred when all Protestant- ism split into parties over the most trivial question. With refer- ence to these the saying was often heard: "It is easier to hold with the Papists than with the members of the other confes- sion." And when, in 1875, m Bern, a difficulty occurred with reference to the place for holding the Catholic service, the pope did not permit it in the church used by the Old Catholics, but sanctioned the service in a Reformed church.
It is of wide sociological interest to examine the two species of community which come into view, according to these and countless other examples, as bases of especially intense antago- nism. Questions are presented as to the grounds of this conse- quence, and especially as to the operation of the forces con- cerned within the realm of everyday personal relationships. These two species are, namely, the community of qualities, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, community through sub- sumption under one and the same social interdependence. The former runs back exclusively to the fact that we are creatures of diversity ( Unterschiedswesen] . An enmity must excite conscious- ness the more deeply and energetically the greater the similarity between the parties among whom it originates. In case of peace- ful or affectionate attitude, this is an excellent protective device within the association. It is analogous with the warning func-
