SALMON 1016 SANDS first freshman class. Here he became ac- quainted with Professor James Law, who had just come to America to fill the chair of veterinary science in this new and progressive institution, and after consulting with him de- cided to take the scientific course for the first year and after that gradually take up veteri- nary studies, with a view to graduating from that department at the end of four years. This plan was substantially carried out, but as the clinical facilities at Ithaca at that time were not as extensive as were desirable, he was allowed to attend the Alfort Veterinary School, Paris, during the last six months of his course without prejudice to his stand- ing at Cornell University. He was graduated at Cornell in 1872 with the degree of Bach- elor of Veterinary Science. The same year he began veterinary practice in Newark, N. J. In 1875, on account of impaired health, he went to Asheville, N. C, for the benefit of the southern mountain climate. In 1876 he received from Cornell the advanced degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. In 1877 he delivered a course of lectures on veterinary science in the University of Georgia. The appropriation for use of the Depart- ment of Agriculture of $10,000 in 1878 for the investigation of animal diseases led to his appointment for a period of two months to study the diseases of swine. He was appoint- ed an inspector of the State of New York in 1879 to serve on the staff of Professor Law in an effort to stamp out the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. Here he had an opportunity by daily observation to acquire a thorough knowledge of the disease and of the methods of controlling it. This work was arrested in the autumn by the exhaustion of the appropriation, and he accepted an ap- pointment from Commissioner Le Due of the United States Department of Agriculture to investigate animal diseases in the Southern States, with particular reference to Texas cattle fever. These investigations were the starting point of the scientific work conducted by Dr. Salmon, or under his direction, con- cerning fowl cholera, the contagious diseases of swine, Texas fever, and the nodular dis- ease of sheep, that has cleared up the princi- pal points as to the cause, nature and control of these diseases. Early in 1883 he was called to Washington by Commissioner Loring to establish a veteri- nary division in the Department of Agricul- ture. Within a year Congress passed an act establishing the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. Salmon was appointed Chief of this Bureau, a position which he held uninter- ruptedly until December 1, 1905. The most important things accomplished by the Bureau during his administration, were: 1. The com- plete eradication of the contagious pleuro- pneumonia of cattle from the United States; 2. The study and control of Texas fever; 3. The establishment of the inspection of ex- ported animals and the ships carrying them, thus doing away with the cruel treatment and suffering which had been a startling feature of this traffic, reducing the losses and pre- serving the trade; 5. The preservation of the country from imported diseases by perfecting the system of inspecting and quarantining im- ported animals; 6. The scientific investigation of animal diseases and their bearing upon pub- lic health questions. In the summer of 1906 he accepted a posi- tion under the Government of Uruguay as head of the Veterinary Department of the University of Montevideo. He organized that department and remained at its head for five years. He then returned to the United States and was engaged in special veterinary work in the West. For the last year of his life he was in charge of a plant for the produc- tion of anti-hog-cholera serum at Butte, Mon- tana, where he died. Dr. Salmon was an honorary associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain ; fellow of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science; chair- man of the committee on animal diseases and animal food of the American Public Health Association; ex-president and member of the executive committee of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association ; member of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and of va- rious other bodies devoted to medical and general science. His writings on these sub- jects are well known and have been published in many languages. American Veterinary Review, 1914-15, vol. 46, pp. 93-5. Sands, Henry Berton (1830-1888) Henry Berton Sands exercised an important influence over the development of surgery in America ; he held a great teaching position in the strategic centre of our country; he wrote well ; his interests were catholic, he had an extensive experience, and was a valued con- sultant. He brought perityphlitis a step farther on its way than did Willard Parker. (q. v.). All who knew him intimately felt that they were dealing with a surgeon of ex- traordinary ability and were deeply impressed in a manner which cannot now be defined. Sands was born in New York City Septem- ber 27, 1830, and spent his entire active life
