WHITE 1224 WHITE The degree of LL, D. was conferred upon him by the State University of Iowa in 1893. He was one of the founders of the Geolog- ical Society of America, and elected to cor- responding membership in the Geological Society of London and in several foreign societies of naturalists. An annotated list of his papers was pub- lished in Bulletin No. 30 of the United States National Museum in 1885, a continuation of it in the Proceedings of the same, vol. xx, in 1897, some 220 in all. They embrace subjects pertaining to geolog-, paleontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, local history, medicine and domestic science. Marcus Benjamin. Science, 1910, vol. xxxii., n. s. White, Frances Emily (1832-1903) Frances Emily White was graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia in 1872, and appointed demonstrator in anat- omy and instructor in physiolog>' in her alma mater, being promoted in 1876 to the profes- sorship of physiology, a position held until ill health forced her to resign in 1903. Dr. White was widely known throughout the United States. A woman of scientific mind, clear headed, and logical, she also had the quality of making her students reach the standard set for them. She was one of the first women to lecture before the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and was delegate to the International Medical Congress in Berlin in 1890, being the first woman to act in that capacity. She was a member of the Phila- delphia County Medical Society. She died at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, December 29, 1903. Dr. ^'hite wrote frequently on scientific sub- jects. Some of the more important writings being: "Woman's Place in Nature" (Popular Science Monthly, 1S75) ; "Persistence of Indi- vidual Consciousness" (Pennsylvania Monthly, 1878), also contributions to the International Journal of Ethics; "Relations of the Sexes" (Westminster Review, 1879) ; "Protoplasm" (Popular Science Monthly, 1883-84) ; "Blood, is it a Living Tissue?" (New York Medical Record, 1883, vol. xxxiii) ; "Matter and Mind" (Popular Science Monthly, 1887) ; "Hygiene as a Basis of Morals" (Popular Science Monthly, 1889). Alfreda B. Withington. Woman's Medical Journal, Toledo, May, 1904. Ehza H. Root. Personal information. . White, James Clarke (1833-1916) James Clarke White, dermatologist of Bos- ton, was born in Belfast, Maine, on July 7, 1833, the fifth of the seven children of James Patterson and Mary Anne Clarke White. On the paternal side of the house the first American ancestor was born in 1688 during the siege of Londonderry, Ireland, in which his father fought as a captain and subsequently received the keys of the city when the siege was raised. This child, William White, emi- grated as a grown man to America in 1725 with other Ulstermen, helped found the town of Londonderry, New Hampshire, and died as a deacon of the Presbyterian church. His son, a third William, "filled many offices in his native state, was on the committee of safety in 1775, fought as a colonel in the Revolu- tionary Army, and served as state senator from 1806 to 1808." The next in descent moved in 1797 to Maine and assisted in the founding of the town of Belfast. His son, James Patterson, entered actively in business, was a builder and owner of many ships, be- came a founder of the Belfast National Bank in 1836, and acted as its president from 1867 to 1879, was mayor of the city for two years and served as state senator during the trou- blous years of 1862 and 1863. James Clarke White passed his boyhood in this beautiful New England town and obtained his early education at the Academy and his final preparation for college under the guid- ance of the resident clergymen. He entered Harvard College in the early autumn of 1849 and during his four years in Cambridge came in contact with many of the famous teachers of those das. College work was scrupulously performed but time was found also to devote to natural history and to the foundation of a collection of birds which was kept intact for many years. A natural taste for reading was much fostered in these early days and was continued through- out life, always with system, for throughout many busy years it was his custom to devote part of his reading hours to medicine ; part to books of natural history, of travel, of art, or of pure literature; and part to German novels or German biography. Medical work was entered upon immediately after graduation from college and again Har- vard was the chosen field of his higher edu- cation, supplemented by work at the Tremont Medical School. Of course, the medical edu- cation of those days was very primitive in comparison with that of today, but there were wise men and good teachers and every oppor- tunity was grasped by this eager student to learn all that they could impart. A growing interest in chemistry was cultivated during his student days and a special interest in urinary
