CRAWFORD 259 CRAWFORD a new cream thickener, which he discovered. He suddenly fell to the floor lifeless. He was an active member of the American Chemical Society, and for some time was president of the Cincinnati branch. Among his publications was a laboratory text-book of methods of "Physiological Chemistry," which was adopted as a standard work in several schools. Dr. Crane's interests were not limited to his chosen fields of medicine and chemistry ; he always retained his interest in zoology and botany, and was an amateur photographer of rare skill, an excellent linguist and a thorough musician. Perhaps his chief characteristic was his attractive personality. Dr. Crane married on April 26, 1902, Emilie Esselborn, and had one child, Paul Willard, born in 1904. Alfred Friedlander. Crawford, John (1746-1813) John Crawford, an introducer of vaccination into America and investigator into the cause of disease, was born in the north of Ireland May 3, 1746. He was the second of four sons of a Protestant clergyman, all of whom be- came professional men, his brother Adair be- ing physician to St. Thomas' Hospital, London, and professor of chemistry at Woolwich. At seventeen he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and afterwards went to the Leyden University, where he graduated M. D. He then made two voyages to the East Indies as surgeon in the East India Company's service. About 1778 he was married and shortly after received an appointment as surgeon to the Naval Hospital on the Island of Barbadoes, a position of great responsibility. In 1780 a terrible hurricane devastated the island, where- upon he furnished aid and medicines to the afflicted inhabitants without stint and without compensation. In 1781 he returned to Eng- land on account of bad health and during the voyage lost his wife. In 1790 he received from the Dutch government the appointment of surgeon-major to the colony of Demerara in South America; there he had charge of a military hospital of sixty to eighty beds. In 1796 he went to Baltimore. Here he helped forward the founding of the Baltimore Gen- eral Dispensary, 1801 ; the penitentiary, 1802 ; the Bible Society, and the Baltimore Library. He delivered courses on natural history at the College of Medicine in 1811 and 1812, and his introductory lecture on "The Cause, Seat and Cure of Diseases" is extant. He held high rank in his profession, being censor, examiner, orator, and member of the committee to pub- lish the "Transactions of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty," and consulting physician to the Board of Health and City Hospital. He was among the very first in America to use vaccine virus, which he did in the sum- mer of 1800, a date contemporaneous with that of its use by Dr. Waterhouse (q. v.), of Massachusetts, who has been given the credit of its first use in the Western Hemisphere. He wrote many medical articles of great in- terest and value in the medical journals of the day. What most rivets attention on John Craw- ford is his remarkable research into the cause of disease. As early as 1790 he conceived — entirely independently — the idea of a living contagium — minute animalculse gaining access to the human body and there depositing germs to develop and produce disease. He ransacked the whole realm of nature and brought to- gether a great mass of evidence to prove this theory which he maintained, notwithstanding its unpopularity and prejudice to his profes- sional success, with all the ardor of absolute conviction. He pointed out that man, not- withstanding his superior nature and posses- sion of a soul, was subjected to the same laws as the lower animals. He enunciated the doctrine of universal parasitism. He argued convincingly from the known to the unknown, and declared prophetically that while the mi- nute animalculae could not then be demon- strated, they are not beyond the reach of hu- man ken and in due time would be recognized. He compares the action of the seeds of disease i to the vegetable seeds — each of which gives rise to its respective plant, and to that only. He not only held these views, but displayed his consistency by carrying them out to their legitimate conclusion — he applied them to the prevention and treatment of disease. The bigotry and prejudices of his contemporaries compelled him to publish his opinion in a non- medical periodical, The Baltimore Observer, in which they appeared in 1806 and 1807 under the heading "Quarantine." We may conclude that John Crawford made an independent dis- covery of this theory, and so far as is known to me he is the first in all history who in- vestigated it in a thorough and scientific manner. John Crawford died in Baltimore on May 9, 1813, after a short illness and was buried in Westminster churchyard. He was survived by one daughter, who married Maximilian Godefrey, an eminent French architect of Baltimore with whom she returned to France. Dr. Crawford's library is preserved in the University of Maryland. His articles are to be found in the American Medical Repository,
