MALL 756 MALL committee appointed by the Society to favor slow sand filtration as against mechanical fil- tration; the former was eventually adopted. With a like energy and persistence he agi- tated the matter of a pure milk supply for the District; and this meant, of course, a pure water supply at the dairy farms. In the report of June 6, 1894, this subject was considered and, through a suggestion of his to the District Commissioners, the Society was requested to consider the draft of a bill to regulate the milk supply. He secured an investigation by the Department of Agricul- ture in 1906-7 into the water supplies of dairy farms that furnished milk to the District, and in 1907 also secured the appointment of a milk commission for the District. Also an investigation into the milk industry in the District itself, and the publication of Bul- letin 41 by the Hygienic Laboratory on "Milk and its relation to Public Health," under the authority of the Bureau of Public Health and the Department of Agriculture. Dr. Magruder was married November 22, 1882, to Belle Burns, daughter of General W. W. Burns, U. S. Army, and Priscilla R. Atkinson Burns. Dr. Magruder left a wife, a son, Lieut. Lloyd Burns Magruder of the Coast Artillery, and a daughter. Among his published writings are the fol- lowing reprints : "Some Practical Observations Made at the Department of Diseases of Chil- dren at the Central Dispensary, Washington, D. C," 1880; "The Milk Supply of Wash- ington," 1907; "Report on Typhoid Fever in the District of Columbia," 1894, published by U. S. Government; "Milk as a Carrier of Contagious Disease and the Desirability ci Pasteurization," Department of Agriculture, 1910; "The Dissemination of Disease by Dairy Products and Means of Prevention," Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1910; and he also pub- lished on his own account the following: "The Solution of the Milk Problem," 32 pages, 1913. Daniel Smith Lamb. Washington Medical Annals, 1914, vol. xiii, p. 206-9. Mall, Franklin Paine (1862-1917) Franklin Paine Mall, professor of anatomy in the Johns Hopkins Medical School and director of the department of embryology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, was born in Belle Plaine, Iowa, September 28, 1862, and died in Baltimore, November 17, 1917, of complications following an operation for gallstones. He was the son of Francis and Louise Miller Mall, both of German descent. In 1895 he married Mabel Stanley Glover of Washington, D. C. He was sur- vived by his widow and two daughters, Mar- garet and Mary Louise Mall. In 1883 he was graduated in medicine from the University of Michigan and then went to Germany, where he studied first in Heidel- berg and then under His and Ludwig in Leipsig. On his return to America he was first fellow in pathology in the Johns Hop- kins University, then adjunct professor of anatomy at Clark University, professor of anatomy at Chicago University, and finally when the Johns Hopkins Medical School opened, he undertook the direction of the new department of anatomy. When he started work, medical education in this country was at a very low ebb. He reorganized the teaching of anatomy by devel- oping a laboratory in which his subject was taught by professional anatomists, devoted to research, and his influence can be seen from the fact that twenty-five of the chairs of anatomy in the different medical schools in this country have been filled from his depart- ment. In science he ranked with the great leaders of his generation and his work, embodied in one hundred and four publications, led up to certain scientific generalizations. In anat- omy he broke away from the study of pure morphology and studied structure from the standpoint of how all of the tissues of an organ are adapted to their function. This work led to the conception that organs are made up of structural units which are equal in size and in function, the size of these ulti- mate, histological units being determined by the length of the capillary. These units, sometimes called primary lobules, are grouped together into secondary lobules in various ways in different organs. These conceptions of structure find their best expression in Dr. Mall's studies of the intestine, the stomach, the liver and the spleen. In the science of embryology, Dr. Mall was the first to trace the development of an indi- vidual organ all the way from the time when the entity has been determined in the embryo to its condition in the adult. For example, he followed the development of the loops of the intestine from their beginning through the stages in which they are displaced out into the cord, their return to the coelom and fin- ally their position in the adult. He deter- mined the normal position of these loops in the adult and then by experiments on animals he showed that when they are displaced they tend to return to the normal position. This type of work may be summed up in the term
