Page:An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language).djvu/672

The words ruwe ne may be added to the root or to either of the above auxiliaries ; and the particle na, which has also a conclusive force in it, may follow them. Both the past and future tenses may be indicated by adverbs of time being placed before the person of the verb. In such cases the auxiliaries may be retained or omitted at pleasure. It will be seen by reference to the passive voice, that, with the second person singular and plural, the verb an always follows the chief verb. An is the substantive verb “to be.” The verbs of the Ainu language naturally resolve themselves into two divisions, viz:—

(a.) Those of unchanging stem. To this class belong all verbs ending otherwise than in ra or ro.

(b.) Those whose stems change. These verbs end only in ra and ro. The two verbs kik, “to strike,” and kara, “to make,” have been given as illustrations of these two categories.

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§ II. PARADIGMS OF VERBS.

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CLASS I. — VERBS OF UNCHANGING STEM.
THE VERB KIK, “TO STRIKE.”

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INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

(a.) The first Present tense.

SINGULAR.

(ACTIVE.). PLURAL.

Ku kik, I strike.

Chi kik, we strike. Kikpa,[1] "

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E kik, you strike.

Echi kik, ye strike.

Kik, (he) strikes.

Kik, (they) strike.

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1. Pa is a plural suffix of the person of the verb, which in some localities would be pronounced cha.