iNTEODrcTro:^". Ivii
13. In Dravidian, the 2nd singular of the Imperative is the crude form of the verb ; so also in Australian.
14. In Tamil, the accusative case is the same as the nomina- tive ; so also with common nouns in Australian.
15. In Dravidian, there is no case ending for the vocative ; some sign of emphasis is used to call attention ; in Tamil, this is e. In Awahakal, el a is used for the same purpose, and in Wira- dhari ya. In Samoan e is used, but it usually comes after its noun.
16. In Dravidian, there are compound case-signs. So also in Australian (see pages 1(5, 17, and of Appendix, pages 80, 33, 58).
17. In Dravidian, comparison is expressed by using some ad- verb v\dth the adjective ; as, ' this indeed is good,' for ' this is very good.' There are no adjective terminations there to show comparison, but some Australian dialects seem to have them (see pages 45 and 51 of Appendix). Usually the Australian and the Melanesian languages are like the Dravidian in this matter.
18. In Turanian, the ma of the first pronoun often adds an obscure nasal making it something like mang. "With this com- pare the Awabakal bang.
19. Eor the second pronoun, the Tamil has ay, 6y, er. "With these compare the Papuan second pronoun on page xl. of this Introduction.
20. In the Dravidian pronoun niu, 'thou,' the initial ii is merely a nasalisation, for it disappears in the verbal forms. AVith this compare my analysis of the Awabakal pronoun gintoa.
21. In Dravidian generally, the pluralising particles are added on to the pronouns ; but in Telugu these signs are prefixed, as in mi-ru. "With this compare the Papuan ni-mo (page xl. of this Introduction), and the Awabakal ba-ra, nu-ra, and the like.
22. In almost all the Dravidian dialects, the first pronoun plural has both an inclusive and an exclusive form. This is so also in the Melaiiesian languages, especially those of the iS'ew Hebrides and Fiji.
23. The Canarese formative of adverbs is ?,asin illi, alii, elli, 'here,' 'there,' 'where'; in Gond, ale, ile are the verb-endings. In Awabakal, these are the f ormatives of verbal nouns, as I have shown in another section. Now, it is an easy thing in language for a noun to be used adverbially, and hence the Canarese and Grond formatives may really be nouns. This would bring them, closer to the Awabakal.
24. In the chief Dravidian dialects, the infinitive ends in -ku, a post-preposition, ' to.' tSo also in Awabakal, as has been already shown. I may add here that the Zulu infinitive ends -ku.
25. The Dravidian verb may be compounded with a noun, but never with a preposition. So also the Australian vei'b.
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