Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/220

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mutated form kuol- in compounds such as kuolhûs, n., ‘cooling-house,’ and in the adv. kuole (comp. schon, spät, fast); OHG. chuoli, adj., ‘cool’ (*chuolo, adv.). It corresponds to MidLG. kôl, Du. koel, AS. côl, E. cool. In the form of kôli- (orig. kôlu-) the adj. is common to West Teut.; the adj. kalt is the old partic. form from the stem of kühl, from which in Scand. (kala) and AS. (calan) str. vbs. are formed; the further cognates E. chill, AS. čęle, čyle, ‘cold,’ are based on a Goth. *kali- (n. sing. *kals). Comp. kalt.

kühn, adj., ‘bold, daring,’ from MidHG. küen, küene, OHG. chuoni, ‘bold, eager for combat, strong’; comp. the non-mutated variant in the MidHG. and OHG. derivative kuonheit, ‘boldness,’ and in the OHG. adv. chuono. It corresponds to MidLG. koene, Du. koen, AS. cêne, ‘bold,’ E. keen (the adj. is obsolete in Suab. and Bav.); Scand. kœ́nn, ‘wise, experienced.’ The latter must at one time have been the prevalent sense in West Teut. also, as is proved by the ModHG. proper name Konrad; OHG. and MidHG. Kuonrât (without mutation, like OHG. and MidHG. kuonheit), AS. Cênrêd (Goth. *Kônirêþs), may have meant ‘giving wise advice.’ Teut. kôn-i- (lit. ‘one that can understand, sensible’) is orig. a verbal adj. from the vb. kennen, können, hence the West Teut. sense ‘bold,’ compared with the OIc. meaning, must be regarded as derivative. All intellectual and moral conceptions of the OTeut. period are related more or less to war and conflict (comp. bald, schnell, and Krieg).

Küken, LG., see Küchlein.

Kümmel, m., ‘cummin, caraway seeds,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kümel, OHG. chumil, m., with the variants MidHG. kümin, OHG. chumī̆n; comp. AS. cymen, Du. komijn, MidLG. kömen; from Lat. and Rom. cŭmînum. The change of n into l is the same as in Igel (in UpG. still kümi, kümich). With regard to the period of the adoption of Lat. words relating to horticulture and the art of cookery, comp. Käse, Küche, Minze, Pfeffer, &c.

Kummer, m., ‘grief, sorrow, distress,’ from MidHG. kumber, m., ‘rubbish, refuse (thus still dial.), encumbering, oppression, distress, grief’; ModHG. mm, from MidHG. mb, as in Zimmer, Lamm, and Kamm. The word is wanting in all the OTeut. dials.; comp. ModDu. kommer, m., ‘grief, affliction; hare's dung’; MidE. combren,

‘to encumber, molest,’ E. to cumber. The cognates are very similar in sound to a Rom. class — Fr. décombres, ‘rubbish,’ Port. comoro, combro, ‘mound of earth, hillock,’ Ital. ingombro, ‘hindrance,’ Fr. encombrer, ‘to obstruct (with rubbish), block up’; MidLat. combrus, ‘mound of earth, barrier of felled trees, obstructing pile.’ The Teut. cognates seem to have passed into Rom.; for, besides the more recent form with r, we find in AS. and Scand. a variant with l, OIc. kumbl, ‘tumulus, barrow.’

Kummet, n., ‘horse-collar,’ from the equiv. MidHG. komat, n.; borrowed in the MidHG. period from Slav. (comp. OSlov. chomątŭ, Pol. chomąt); hence not diffused beyond the HG. group. The Slav. cognates of OSlov. chomątu are derived from OTeut.; comp. MidE. and ModE. hame, Du. haam, Westphal. ham, Rhine Prov. hamen, hammen, ‘horse-collar.’

Kumpan, m., ‘companion, mate,’ from MidHG. kumpân, kompân, m., ‘comrade, associate’; the latter is derived from OFr. Prov. compaing, ‘companion, partner.’ MidLat. companio, lit. ‘one who shares the same food,’ is based on OTeut. expressions such as Goth. gahlaiba, OHG. gileibo, m., ‘associate, comrade,’ and the equiv. OHG. gimaȥȥo, from maȥ, n., ‘food’; see Laib.

Kumpest, Kompóst, m., ‘preserves, heap of rubbish or dung,’ from MidHG. kumpost, also kumpóst, m., ‘preserves,’ espec. ‘pickled cabbage,’ from Rom. (Ital. compósto).

Kumpf, m., ‘basin, bowl,’ from MidHG. kumpf, m., ‘vessel’; comp. LG. kump. A MidLat. cumpus as the source of the G. word does not exist; MidLat. cumba, cumbus, have too no such meaning as Kumpf, hence they cannot be adduced to explain the dial. ModHG. Kumme, ‘deep bowl.’ Kumme and Kumpf are more probably genuine Teut. words, and allied to AS. cumb and the equiv. E. coomb.

Künchel, see Kaninchen.

kund, adj., ‘known, manifest,’ from MidHG. kunt(d), OHG. chund, adj., ‘become acquainted, noted, known.’ It corresponds to Goth. kunþs, ‘noted,’ OSax. cûth, AS. cûþ, ‘noted,’ E. couth (now only in the compound uncouth). A common Teut. adj. in the form kunþa-, from the non-permutated gń-to-, which is prop. a partic. in to- from the verbal stem of the root gō̆n, gnô, discussed under können, kennen,