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dala, ‘15 articles,’ is met with even in the 13th cent.); its relation to Du. mand, E. maund, ‘basket,’ is obscure.

Mandel (2.), f., ‘almond,’ from the equiv. MidHG. mandel, OHG. mandala, f.; from Ital. mandola; corresponding lo MidLat. and Prov. amandola, Fr. amande (hence Du. amandel, E. almond). Gr. ἀμυγδάλη is usually regarded as the ultimate source of these cognates.

Mange, Mangel, f., ‘mangle,’ from MidHG. mange, f., ‘machine for rolling woven stuffs, catapult’; comp. Du. mangel, equiv. to E. mangle. The origin of the word is sometimes ascribed, on account of the dial. forms Mande, Mandel, to the Sans. root manth, ‘to turn,’ which appears in OIc. mǫndull, ‘handle’ (espec. of a hand-mill). Allied terms in Rom. show, however, that g in the word Mangel must be very old; Ital. mangano, ‘sling,’ OFr. mangoneau, ‘sling,’ whence MidE. mangonel. There is no Teut. type of the whole class; its source is said to be Gr. μάγγανον, ‘warlike machine’; perhaps an instrument of this kind furnished the model for the mangle.

mangeln, vb., ‘to want, lack, be lacking,’ from MidHG. mangeln, OHG. mangolôn, ‘to dispense with, miss, be in want of'; Mangel, from MidHG. mangel, m., ‘want, defect.’ To this is allied MidHG. manc, ‘want, defect,’ also OHG. mangôn, męngen, ‘to be deficient’; Du. mangelen, ‘to dispense with.’ A Teut. root mang, mangw, does not occur elsewhere; it may be primit. allied to Lat. mancus, ‘mutilated, powerless, deficient,’ from which early derivatives were formed in E., AS. gemancian, ‘to mutilate’; to this Du. mank, ‘limping, deficient,’ and E. to mangle are also akin.

Mangold, m., ‘beet,’ from MidHG. mangolt, m.; its connection with Gold does not seem to be orig. If it is to be connected, as is usually done, with the proper name Managolt, the prim. meaning is ‘powerful ruler’ (manag and waltan; comp. Πολυκράτης), but scarcely ‘very gracious’ (Viel-hold). See Markolf. By what means the plant acquired this name can no longer be discovered. Others regard Mangold as Halsgold, ‘gold-neck’ (comp. Mähne); but mane-, ‘neck,’ is not found elsewhere in Teut.

Manier, f., ‘manner, fashion, mannerism,’ from MidHG. maniere, f., ‘manner,’ from Fr. manière.

manig, see manch.

Mann, m., ‘man, husband,’ from MidHG. man(nn), OHG. man(nn), m., ‘person, man.’ The general meaning ‘person’ still appears in ModHG. jemand, niemand, as well as in the pron. discussed under man. In AS., man, mǫn (n equiv. to nn), might be used equally of a male or female, although the former sense preponderated; AS. man, ‘person, man, woman,’ E. man, OIc. maðr, Goth. manna, ‘person, man.’ The word followed the declension of the two stems mann- and mannan- (thus in Goth., AS., OHG., and MidHG.); from the latter the modern plur. Mannen has been obtained. Goth. and Teut. mann- for manw- is based on an older manu- (like Kinn on kennu-, genu-; see also dünn). This Aryan mánu-, ‘person,’ appears also in Ind., but it was used also as Manu, ‘the father of mankind.’ To this corresponds the Teut. Mannus in Tacitus, ‘the progenitor of the West Teutons’; comp. further Sans. manus, m., and manuša, ‘person,’ perhaps also OSlov. mążĭ, ‘man.’ The Ind. manu- is usually connected with the root man, ‘to think’ (comp. mahnen); in that case the orig. sense is ‘thinking being.’ This cannot, however, be definitely regarded as the primit. source of the word. It is scarcely probable that the primit. Aryans considered ‘thinking’ to be the essential characteristic of a man. We should rather assume from the earliest Aryan literature, the OInd. Vedas, that the primit. Aryan felt he was closely allied to the brutes, since the Vedic Indian actually calls himself paçu, ‘beast.’ The literal meaning of Aryan manu-, ‘person,’ can hardly be ascertained now. See Mensch.

mannig, see manch.

männiglich, pron. ‘everybody,’ from MidHG. manne-gelîch, menneclîch, ‘every’; lit. manne gelîch, OHG. manno glîh, ‘each of men,’ whence OHG. manniclîch and mannolîch, ‘every, each.’ Similarly täglich is based on OHG. tagogilîh, ‘every day.’ OHG. gilîh, ‘every,’ is identical with gleich.

manschen, vb., for earlier mantschen, ‘to splash, dabble,’ from MidHG. *mangezen, OHG. *mangazzen; allied to mengen.

Mantel, m., ‘cloak, mantle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. mantel, mandel, OHG. mantal, mandal, m.; on account of the non-permutation of t to z the word cannot be cognate with MidE. mantel, E. mantle, OIc. mǫttul, m., ‘cloak,’ and hence it is not