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between πάπας, ‘pope,’ and παπᾶς, ‘clericus minor’; with the latter sense the G. cognates are connected. It would also be remarkable if the p of a Latin word introduced into G. at the period of the Roman conversion had undergone permutation (comp. Priester, predigen, and Propst). The Gr. word (possibly in the vocat. form παπᾶ?) may have been widely diffused throughout Germany even in the 6th cent.; it was introduced perhaps at a somewhat later period than Kirche, as might be inferred from the absence of the word păpa, ‘priest,’ in AS. and E. Here too we have a trace of the influence of the Greek Church on the Teutons; yet we cannot determine which tribe adopted Gr. παπᾶς as păpa in its vocabulary and passed on the term (the meaning of Goth. papa in the Milan Calendar is obscure). It found its way even into OIc., in which pape, however, was strangely enough used by the Irish anchorites found in Iceland by the Northmen when they colonised the island. With regard to Lat. pâpa see Papst.

Pfahl, m,. from the equiv. MidHG. pfâl, OHG. pfâl, m., ‘pale, stake’; allied to the equiv. Du. paal, AS. pâl, E. pole, pale. The cognates were undoubtedly borrowed from Lat. pâlus (whence also Fr. pal) contemporaneously with the cognates of Pfosten, and probably also with the technical terms relating to building in stone (Ziegel, Schindel, Wall, Mauer, and Pforte); all these words have undergone permutation in HG.; see also the following word.

Pfalz, f., ‘palace, high official residence, palatinate,’ from MidHG. pfalz, pfalze, phalenze, f., ‘residence of a spiritual or temporal prince, palatinate, town-hall,’ OHG. pfalanza, pfalinza, f.; corresponding to OSax. palinza, palencea (used in the Heliand of the palace of Pilate). The current view is content with the assumption that the word is based on Lat. pălâtium, yet the relation of the one to the other is more difficult to determine than is generally imagined. As the permutation of LG. p to HG. pf indicates, the word must have been naturalised in G. as early as the beginning of the 8th cent.; in the age of Charlemagne it already existed in G. Besides, the nasal of the OSax. and OHG. derivative, which was retained down to MidHG. even, cannot be explained by the form of Lat. palatium, nor can we discover

why it was inserted. OHG. pfalanza and OSax. palinza clearly point to MidLat. palantium, ‘murus, fastigium,’ palenca, palencum, palitium, ‘contextus ac series palorum’; we are thus led to ‘the fortress,’ or, more accurately, ‘the district enclosed by pales,’ as the orig. sense of the word Pfalz. When, at a later period, under the Carlovingians, palatia were built in Germany, the word, which had been adopted long previously from the Lat., acquired the meaning of the similarly sounding palatium. In later MidLat. appears also palantia for palatinatus, ‘the district of a count palatine.’

Pfand, n., from the equiv. MidHG. pfant (gen. -des), OHG. pfant (gen. -tes), n.) ‘pawn, pledge, security’; it corresponds to MidLG. and Du. pand, and OFris. pand, which have the same meaning. It is usually derived from OFr. pan, ‘cloth, rag’ (from Lat. pannus); the West Teut. word is more closely connected, however, with OFr. paner, Prov. panar, Span. apandar, ‘to fleece a person,’ apañar, ‘to take away’; hence Pfand, ‘taking way,’ or ‘that which is seized’ (OFr. pan, ‘the thing seized,’ whence E. pawn)?.

Pfanne, f., from the equiv. MidHG. pfanne, OHG. pfanna, f., ‘pan’; widely diffused in Teut. with the same sense, Du. pan, AS. pǫnne, f., E. pan. The permutation of p to HG. pf indicates the early existence of the word in the form panna in G., perhaps about the 7th cent., or, on account of the coincidence of the E. with the MidEur. Ger. word, far earlier. The Lat. form of patina, ‘dish, pan,’ is scarcely adequate to serve as the immediate source of the Teut. words; comp. further Pfennig. From Teut. is derived the equiv. Slav. pany.

Pfarre, f., ‘parish, parsonage, living,’ from MidHG. pfarre, OHG. pfarra, ‘parish’; corresponding to LG. parre. The current assumption that Pfarre is derived from the MidLat. and Rom. parochia (Ital. parrochia), paroecia (Gr. παροικία, Fr. paroisse), and E. parish (borrowed from Fr.), is not quite satisfactory as far as the sound is concerned, since it assumes too great a modification of the word; note OIr. pairche from parochia. The later parra recorded in MidLat. is clearly an imitation of the G. word, and therefore the latter cannot be based on it. Perhaps the ecclesiastical division was connected with an OTeut. *parra, ‘district,’