ᶅā, ᶇā mostly replace ljā, njā, e.g.: ᶅâgər (and with dropped palatalization: lâgər) = lēgər, ᶅēgər. ᶇâfatag = nevatjɔg [*hnefatak]. to ᶇām [O.N. nema], njam.
Consonantal Changes.
27. b and p, when initial, occas. alternate, e.g.: bɛrdus· and perdus· [*bergdus]. bjak and pjak [No. pjakke]. p for b in ȯnplost, o‘mplȯst (-pləst) [*andblástr].
Initial b and v (for orig. b) alternate in e.g.: bəl and vəl [No. bull], bill, will1, 2. bɩ‘rtək, etc., and vɩrda, vɩrdək [birta, -i]. bȯ‘ᶇᶊ·vam· and vȯ‘ᶇᶊ·vam· [*barnsvamm].
28. d in the comb. nd changes to t in several cases, e.g.: bjɩ‘ntər, etc. [*bindari], bjintaar, etc. = binder. blȯ‘ᶇt [O.N. blundr]. to hān·trist· [handhrista], handrist. *häᶇta(r)less (see Fragments of Norn, riddles), lä‘ᶇtfəl [landfall], landfell, -fel. To this rule prob. belongs: a‘nti = anti. Occas. also initially: trāvi = drāvən.
dj commonly changes to dᶎ (in a few places, such as Wh., to tᶎ): dᶎa‘rf (tᶊa‘rf) [O.N. djarfr]. dᶎūb (tᶊūb) [O.N. djúp], djub, djup. dᶎūr [djór], djur1. — da‘lk > dja‘lk > *ᶁa‘lk > *dᶎa‘lk > tᶊja‘lk.
29. As a rule original “ð” is partly 1) dropped, partly 2) changed to d. In Du. ð is found preserved in several words — see further § 42. Examples:
ð is dropped in e.g.: *gūə [góða for góðri]. gūən [*góðan or *góðing]. li̇̄ [hlíð]. to lø̄ [hlýða], lø1; more rarely: to lø̄d, lød = lød2, lø̄ [lýðr], lø2. mø: a) [moð], mø2; b) [mœða, -i], mø4. ri̇̄ [hríð]. *ri̇̄n(a) [ríðandi], *ria. *rō [ráð], *ro2. slū [slóð], slu1. slūi [slóði]. to sni̇̄, snē [sníða, sneiða]. -ti [tíð] in swartati. *trō [þráðr], see Fragments of Norn, verses. vā [O.N. vað].
ð is preserved as d in e.g.: to bōd [boða], bod2, frōd [froða], fro2, frod. gødin [*gœðing]. kø̄d [*kœða]. mi̇̄d [mið], mid1. to rād. sēd [seiðr]. spadi [spaði]. stȯdək [staði or *stœða]. tədbɔu(s) [*tíðbrá], *tidbous. vadəl [vaðill]. (w)ōd [vaða].
Parallel forms (with and without d) appear, inter alia in the foll. words: a) to afrō· and afrod· [afráða]. grē and grēd [greiði]. lø̄ and lø̄d [hljóð], lø1. *rø̄ and *rø̄d [rauðr]. With regard to the three words here first given, forms with and without d are used promiscuously. b) bā and bɔ̇d [boði]. *bø̄ and bødi [*byð-]. jadər [jaðarr]. jɛ̄ (jǣ) and ēd [eið] = *ed. The forms with and without d of these words have assumed different meanings.
ð is usually preserved as d in the combination “ðr”, e.g.: flādrək, flȯdərək [*flaðra]. lȯdər [lǫðr]. lūdərhorn [lúðr]. *mȯdəra, -ə [maðr(inn)] (see Fragments of Norn, riddles). Alternation takes place in rudər and rūr [hrúðr]. “rð” is commonly preserved as rd, e.g.: bɩrdək [byrðr]. bȯrd [burðr], bord2. færd [ferð], ferd1; but unstressed “-fər” in gālafər. *gōrd [garðr]. hardi [harði]. to hərd [hirða]. hȯrdək, hȯrdin [urð]. ōrdə(r)- [arðr] in *orderus. skōrd [skarð], skord1. spȯrd [sporðr]. On the other hand, with consonant following, e.g.: to stərən [stirðna]. To this rule, vâr [verði], var3, forms an exception (see IV, § 29).
