did in a previous stage of their development possess the kap-kap type instead of it.
The most important of these indications is based on such phenomena as are set out in the following table:
| Mad. | taptap | Mad. | kapkap |
| Mad. dialect | tattap | Mad. dialect | kakkap |
| Sund. | tatap | Day. | kakap |
Note.—taptap means “to strike with the flat of the hand”, and the like; kapkap, “to scratch, to touch”, and the like.
We have, therefore, in particular dialects of Mad. a transitional form, produced by assimilation, and accordingly think it credible that the languages which now only possess the kakap type have evolved it out of a pre-existing kapkap type.*
60. The result of the considerations in §§ 55-59 is: —Common IN tolerates one or two consonants in the interior of a word; in the latter case we find, on the one hand, the combination of nasal + cognate explosive, and on the other the kapkap type of combination.
61. The final of words. In Common IN any of the vowels may serve as a final; evidence in support of this is superfluous. Secondly, the diphthongs uy, ay and aw, as was shown in § 28 seqq. The investigation of the consonantal finals is a more complicated matter.†
62. From this investigation we must first exclude the palatals. The consonants of that series are incapable of doing duty as finals in any IN language, and accordingly it must be declared that Common IN does not tolerate final palatals. — Tontb. has a few words with final c, e.g., paliqpic, " a certain part of the roof ". But this c is a secondary formation originating from k in accordance with the Tontb. law formulated by the two Adriani's: " In Tontb., k after i becomes c ". The original form with k, palikpik, occurs in Tonsea, a language closely related to Tontb.
* [See also Essay I, §§ 73 seqq., and Essay IV, §§ 195-6 198.]
† [See Essay IV, §§ 200 seqq.]
