some are liable to exceptions, as will presently be explained.
1. Polygamia æ. In this each floret, taken separately, is perfect or united, being furnished with its own perfect stamens and pistil, and capable of bringing its seed to maturity without the assistance of any other floret. The Order consists of 3 sections.
* Florets all ligulate, or strap-shaped, called by Tournefort semiflosculous. These flowers are generally yellow, sometimes blue, very rarely reddish. They expand in a morning, and close towards noon or in cloudy weather. Their herbage is commonly milky and bitter. Leontodon, Engl. Bot. t. 510; Tragopogon, t. 434, 638; Hieracium, t. 349, &c.; and Cichorium, t. 539, exemplify this very natural section.
** Flowers globose, generally uniform and regular, their florets all tubular, 5-cleft, and spreading. Carduus, t. 107, 675, 973—976; Onopordum, t. 977; and Arctium, t. 1228, well exemplify this. Carlina, t. 1144,
