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all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin Vulgate . . . let him be anathema.'^[1] All the Apocrypha except 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra, and the Prayer of Manasses belonging to the Apocrypha Proper were declared Canonical.

On the other hand, the Protestant Churches have universally declared their adhesion to the Hebrew Canon of the Old Testament. Yet amongst these a milder and a severer view prevailed. While in some Confessions, i.e. the Westminster, it is decreed that they are not 'to be any otherwise approved or made use of than other human writings', a more favourable view is expressed regarding them in many other quarters; e.g. in the preface prefixed to them in the Genevan Bible: 'As books proceeding from godly men (they) were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners: which books declare that at all times God had an especial care of His Church, and left them not utterly destitute of teachers and means to confirm them in the hope of the promised Messiah'; and in the Sixth Article of the Church of England: 'the other books the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners.'

In addition to the spiritual and moral service rendered by these books, the modern student recognizes that without them it is absolutely impossible to explain the course of religious development between 200 B.C. and A.D. 100. In this respect the Apocrypha is to be regarded as embracing the Pseudepigrapha as well. If the Canonical and Apocryphal Books are compared in reference to the question of inspiration, no unbiased scholar could have any hesitation in declaring that the inspiration of such a book as Wisdom or the Testaments of the XII Patriarchs is incomparably higher than that of Esther.

§ 5. Editions—partial or complete—of the Apocrypha.

Fritzsche und Grimm, Kurzgef. exeget. Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des A. T., 1851–60. Fritzsche, Lief. I, 3 Esra, Zusätze zu Esther und Daniel, Gebet Manasses, Baruch, Brief Jer.; II. Tobit und Judith; V. Sirach. Grimm, Lief. III, 1 Makk.; IV. 2–4 Makk.; VI. Wisdom.

E. C. Bissell, The Apocrypha of the Old Testament, with historical Introductions and Notes Critical and Explanatory, New York, 1880. This work contains the Apocrypha Proper (though 2 Esdras (i.e. 4 Ezra) is added in an Appendix); also 3 Macc., and a summary of 4 Macc. In a second Appendix a short account is given of some of the Pseudepigrapha.

Wace, Apocrypha (in the 'Speaker's Commentary'), 2 vols., London, 1888. This edition is furnished with a good introduction by Salmon. The various books are edited by different English scholars.

O. Zöckler, Die Apokr. des A. T. nebst einem Anhang über die Pseudepigraphenliteralur, 1891.

Ball, The Ecclesiastical or Deutero-Canonical Books of the Old Testament, commonly called the Apocrypha (1892).

Kautzsch, Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments, 2 vols., Tübingen, 1900. This is the best work that has hitherto appeared on this literature as a whole. But many parts of it are already antiquated.

§ 6. General literature dealing directly or indirectly with the period of this literature.^[2]

Weber, System der altsynagogalen palästinischen Theologie (1880). The last edition of this work was published under the title Lehre des Talmuds, 1897.

Bacher, Die Aggada der Tannaiten, 2 vols., 1884-90.

Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol. ii, Das Ende des jüdischen Staatswesens (by O. Holtzmann). 1888.

Drummond, Philo Judaeus, 2 vols., 1888.

Bois, Essai sur les origines de la philosophie judéo-Alexandrine, 1890.

Toy, Judaism and Christianity, 1890.

1. This decree of the Council of Trent was ratified by fifty-three prelates, 'among whom (Westcott, Bible in the Church, 257) there was not one German, not one scholar distinguished by historical learning, not one who was fitted by special study for the examination of a subject in which the truth could only be determined by the voice of antiquity.'
2. This list includes only a few of the works interesting to the student of this literature.

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