sive knowledge of matters connected with mechan- ical engineering has led to his being called upon frequently to testify in court on disputed points as an expert. The degree of doctor of engineering was conferred on him by Stevens institute of tech- nology in 1885, and he is a regular, honorary, or corresponding member of various scientific and technical societies at home and abroad. He was vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science in 1877-'8 and 1884, vice- president of the American institute of mining en- gineers in 1878-9, and president of the American society of mechanical engineers in 1880-'3. Prof. Thurston has invented a magnesium burning-lamp, an autographic-recording testing-machine, a new form of steam-engine governor, an apparatus for determining the value of lubricants, and various other devices. He is the author of about 250 pa- pers, including contributions to " The Popular Sci- ence Monthly," " Journal of the Franklin Institute," "Van Nostrand's Magazine," "Science," "The Forum," and like periodicals, and addresses before scientific and other societies. His books are " His- tory of the Growth of the Steam-Engine " (New York, 1878) ; " Friction and Lubrication " (1879) ; "Materials of Engineering" (3 vols., 1884-'6); " Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work " (1884) ; " Text-Book of the Materials of Construction " (1885) : " Stationary Steam-Engines for Electric Lighting Purposes " (1884) ; " Steam- Boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice" (1887); and "A Manual of Steam Boilers: their Design, Construction, and Management " (1888).
THURY, Pierre (tu-ry), French missionary, b.
in BayeiiXj France, about 1650 ; d. in the Penob-
scot mission. Me., or in Nova Scotia, 3 June, 1699.
He studied for the priesthood in France, and, hav-
ing volunteered for the American missions, went
to Quebec, where he was ordained on 21 Dec, 1677.
In 1684 he was sent by Bishop Laval to labor
among the Indians of Acadia. After devoting a
year to the exploration of the country, he founded
the mission of St. Croix in 1685. In 1688 he was
transferred to the Penobscot, where he gathered
together an Indian colony at Panawaniske. His
converts became noted for the fervor of their piety
and devotion to the French, and in 1689 did the
latter good service at the attack on Fort Pemaquid.
He prepared prayers and hymns for their use in
the Abnaki language. He was afterward sent to
instruct the Indians of Nova Scotia. He returned
to Maine and died there, according to some ac-
counts, but others assert that he spent the rest
of his life in Nova Scotia. See John G. Shea's
"American Catholic Missions" (New York, 1854);
Shea's " The Church in the Colonies " (1887) ; and
Diereville's " Voyage " (Paris, 1708).
THWAITES, Reuben Gold, antiquary, b. in
Boston, Mass., 15 May, 1853. In 1866 he removed
to Oshkosh, Wis., where he studied in the intervals
of farm-work, and, after teaching for a year, be-
came editor of a newspaper in 1872. Subsequently
he took a post-graduate course at Yale. From
1877 till 1886 he was connected with the " Wiscon-
sin State Journal " as associate and afterward as
managing editor, and conducted a news bureau at
Madison. Having given much attention to the
study of western history, especially that of Wis-
consin, he was elected in 1887 corresponding secre-
tary of the Wisconsin historical society, and editor
of its publications. He is the author of " Historic
Waterways: Six Hundred Miles of Canoeing down
Rock, Fox, and Wisconsin Rivers" (Chicago, 1888).
THWING, Charles Franklin (twing), clergy-
man, b. in New Sharon, Me., 9 Nov., 1853. He was
graduated at Harvard in 1876 and at Andover theo-
logical seminary in 1879, and was pastor of a Congre-
gational church in Cambridge, Mass., till 1886. when
he took charge of the Plymouth church in Minneap-
olis, Minn. He received the degree of D. D. from
Chicago theological seminary in 1888. Dr. Thwing,
who is associate editor of the " Bibliotheca Sacra,"
has been a contributor to magazines, and has pub-
lished many sermons, and, in book-form, " Ameri-
can Colleges : their Students and Work " (New
York, 1878); "Reading of Books: its Pleasures,
Profits, and Perils" (Boston, 1883) ; in collaboration
with Mrs. Carrie F. Butler-Thwing, " The Familv :
an Historical and Social Study " (1886) ; and " The
Working Church" (New York, 1888).
TIBBITS, George, merchant, b. in Warwick,
R. I., 14 Jan., 1763; d. in Troy, N. Y., 19 July,
1849. He established himself in business at Lan-
singburg, N. Y., at the age of twenty-one, and in
1797 removed to Troy. He was a member of the
legislature in 1800, and two years later was
elected to congress, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till
3 March, 1805. From 1815 till 1818 he sat in the
state senate, and he was the author of the financial
plan that was adopted for raising means to build
the Erie canal. In 1816 he was defeated as the
Federalist candidate for lieutenant-governor. In
1824 he was a member of a commission on state
prisons which reported in favor of the Auburn sys-
tem, and during the next five years he acted on the
commission that had charge of the construction
of Sing Sing prison, and remedied abuses in the
management of penitentiaries. From 1830 till 1836
he was mayor of Troy. He delivered addresses on
agricultural subjects, and was one of the earliest
American advocates of the economical policy of
protection in essays that appeared in the Philadel-
Bhia "Inquirer" over the signature of "Cato."
[e published also "Memoir on Home Markets"
(Philadelphia, 1827) and "Finances of the Canal
Fund of the State of New York Examined " (Al-
bany, 1829). — His grandson, William Badger,
soldier, b. in Hoosick, N. Y., 31 March, 1837; d. in
Troy, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1880, was graduated at Union
in 1859, began the study of law, and engaged in
manufacturing. At President Lincoln's first call
for troops he recruited a company, and was mus-
tered into the service as captain on 14 May, 1861.
He was engaged at Big Bethel, Fair Oaks, Malvern
Hill, Bristow Station, and the second battle of Bull
Run, was promoted major of the 2d New York vol-
unteer infantry on 13 Oct., 1862, participated in
the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville,
and, when his term of service expired, raised a regi-
ment that was called the Griswold light cavalry, of
which he was made colonel, his commission dating
from 20 Nov., 1863. He served under Gen. Julius
Stahel, first encountering the enemy at New Mar-
ket on 15 May, 1864. He was present at Piedmont
on 5 June, was constantly engaged during the
following three months, taking part in numerous
actions, and was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers on 17 Nov. At the close of the war he
was ordered to the west with his command. He
was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13
March, 1865, commissioned as brigadier-general on
18 Oct., 1865, and mustered out on 15 Jan., 1866,
returning to Troy with health impaired by injuries
received in the service.
TICHENOR, Isaac, jurist, b. in Newark, N. J., 8 Feb., 1754 ; d. in Bennington, Vt, 11 Dec, 1838. He was graduated at Princeton in 1775, began the study of law in Schenectady, N. Y., and in 1777
was appointed assistant commissary-general and stationed at Bennington. He remained there, was
