and in 1860 was appointed minister of the Swiss republic to Brazil, which office he retained eight years, devoting most of that time to exploring the country and forming collections of plants for the museums of Neufchatel, Glarus, and Freiburg. In 1868 he was promoted minister to Vienna. His works include “Untersuchungen über die Fauna Perus” (St. Gall, 1844-'7): “Peruanische Reiseskizzen während der Jahre 1838-'42” (2 vols., 1846); “Die Ketchuasprache” (2 vols., Vienna, 1853); “Reise durch die Andes von Südamerika” (Gotha, 1860); “Die brasilianische Provinz Minas-Geraes” (1863); and “Reisen durch Südamerika” (5 vols., Leipsic, 1866-'9). He also edited, in association with Dr. Mariano Eduardo de Rivera, “Antigüedades Peruanas” (Vienna, 1851; translated by Rev. F. L. Hawks, New York, 1853).
TSONDATSAA, Charles, Indian convert, lived
in the 17th century. He acted as guide to Father
Brebeuf, and was converted to Christianity by that
missionary. He was taken prisoner by the Iroquois
in 1643, being one of the party that accompanied
Father Jogues, but escaped to Three Rivers. He
became the prop of the Christian religion among
the Hurons, preached to them frequently, and made
many converts. His pagan companions, on one
occasion, induced him to enter an Indian vapor-bath.
They then increased the heat, declaring that
he must pronounce three words in favor of his titular
demon if he would escape suffocation. He
refused, and was almost dead when he was released.
His only revenge on his torturers after he recovered
was to say to them: “You nearly killed me, but
you could not make me sin.” He continued to
labor for several years among his countrymen, and
eventually converted nearly all his persecutors.
TUBMAN, Harriet, abolitionist, b. near
Cambridge, Dorchester co., Md., about 1821. She was
the child of slaves of pure African blood, whose
name was Ross. Her original Christian name of
Araminta she changed to Harriet. When about
thirteen years old she received a fracture of the
skull at the hands of an enraged overseer, which
left her subject during her whole life to fits of
somnolency. In 1844 she married a free colored
man named Tubman. In 1849, in order to escape
being sent to the cotton-plantations of the south,
she fled by night, and reached Philadelphia in
safety. In December, 1850, she visited Baltimore
and brought away her sister and two children, and
within a few months returned to aid in the escape
of her brother and two other men. Thenceforth
she devoted herself to guiding runaway slaves in
their flight from the plantations of Maryland
along the channels of the “underground railroad,”
with the assistance of Thomas Garrett and others.
At first she conducted the bands of escaped slaves
into the state of New York, but, when the fugitive-slave
act began to be strictly enforced, she piloted
them through to Canada. She made nineteen
journeys, and led away more than 300 slaves. A
reward of $40,000 was offered for her apprehension.
Among the people of her race and the agents of
the “underground railroad” she was known as
“Moses.” During the civil war she performed
valuable service for the National government as a
spy and as a nurse in the hospitals.
TUCK, Joseph Henry, inventor, b. in Dorches-
ter, Mass., 12 March, 1812. He is a grandson of
John Tuck, who was a chaplain in the Revolution-
ary army. Joseph was graduated at the Boston
high-school, and afterward apprenticed to a watch-
maker. He was subsequently employed in a candle-
factory, where he brought to perfection his first in-
vention, the endless wick. He went to England
in 1837, began business as an engineer in London,
and for twenty-five years was constantly engaged
in the invention and introduction of improved ma-
chinery. He took out fifty-five patents in different
countries. Among his inventions are a candle-ma-
chine, wrought-iron and bitumen gas- and water-
pipes, a ventilating-machine, a dredging-machine,
a rotary engine, a new system of breakwaters for
harbors, and his steam-engine packing, the most
profitable of his inventions. In spite of great op-
position on the part of English engineers, he or-
ganized a company to lay the first submarine elec-
tric cable, between Dover and Calais, in 1848-'9.
He derived no pecuniary advantage from this great
enterprise, as he was defrauded of the profits by
those whom he had aided in its promotion. He
furnished plans for the excavation of the Suez
canal, which were accepted by the contractors ; but
ill health forced him to abandon his connection
with this enterprise, and he returned to the United
States in 1865. His constitution had been so much
injured by his long-continued and severe labors in
Europe that he was forced to live in retirement
for several years, but he engaged in real-estate
operations in Brooklyn in 1869.
TUCKER, Henry Holcombe, clergyman, b. in
Warren county, Ga., 10 May, 1819. He received
his early education in Philadelphia, and entered
the University of Pennsylvania in 1834, but finished
his course in Columbian college (now university),
Washington, D. C, where he was graduated in
1838. He then studied law, was called to the bar
in 1846, and practised his profession until 1848 r
when he entered Mercer university with the view
of preparing himself for the Baptist ministry. He
was appointed pastor of the Baptist church in
Alexandria, Va., in 1854, but feeble health com-
pelled him to resign in less than a year. Since
that time he has held no pastorate, but has preached
in various parts of the United States. In 1856 he
was elected professor of belles-lettres and meta-
physics in Mercer university, which office he filled
until 1862, when the university was for a time sus-
pended by the war. In 1860 he received the de-
gree of D. D. from Columbian university. He was
elected president of Mercer university in 1866, and
was principally instrumental in removing that in-
stitution from Penfield to Macon. He resigned
in 1871, and spent a year in Europe, during which
he assisted in the organization of a Baptist church
in Rome, and officiated for several months in the
American chapel in Paris. In 1874 he was elected
chancellor of the University of Georgia, and he re-
mained in this office until 1878, when he assumed
the editorship of the " Christian Index " at Atlanta.
He was the founder of the Georgia relief and
hospital association, which rendered such great as-
sistance to the sick and wounded of the south dur-
ing the civil war. Besides a series of letters on
" Religious Liberty " to Alexander H. Stephens
(1855), which were the subject of wide comment,,
and several sermons, he has published " The Gos-
pel in Enoch, or Truth in the Concrete: a Doc-
trinal and Biographical Sketch " (Philadelphia,
1868), and "The Old Theology restated in Ser-
mons " (1884). One of his sermons, " The Position
of Baptism in the Christian System" (1882), has
been translated into Armenian, German, Greek,
Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. He is now editor
and proprietor of the " Christian Index."
TUCKER, John, clergyman, b. in Amesbury, Mass., 19 Sept., 1719; d. in Newbury. Mass., 22 March, 1792. He was graduated at Harvard in 1741, studied theology, and on 20 Nov., 1745, was ordained as colleague minister of Newbury, Mass,
