literature, and, in addition to memoirs " On the Use of Belladonna," and " On Whooping-Cough," he has published " The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, with an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and Present Condition " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " De- fective and Impaired Vision, with the Clinical Use of the Ophthalmoscope in their Diagnosis and Treatment" (1859); "Hints and Observations on Military Hvgiene " (1862) ; " Imperfect Hearing and Hygiene of the Ear " (1871) ; " The Nature and Treatment of Nervous Deafness," with an addi- tional translation of Duchenne's work on the same subject (1874) ; " A Clinical Manual of the Diseases of the Ear " (1881) ; and " A Manual of Anaesthetic Agents and their Employment in the Treatment of Disease " (1885).— -His son, Charles Smith, phy- sician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Nov., 1847, was graduated at the Philadelphia central high-school in 1868, and at the auxiliary department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1869, with the de- gree of Ph. D., also at the medical department of the same university in 1871. During the following year he was surgeon to the U. S. geological survey in Wyoming and Montana territories, and in 1873-'4 he was resident surgeon of the New York ophthalmic and aural institute. The years 1874-'5 were spent in study in the ophthalmic and aural departments of the Imperial general hospital in Vienna, and on his return he settled in Philadel- phia, devoting his attention entirely to the practice of ophthalmology and otology. Dr. Turnbull is chief of the aural department of Jefferson medical college, and ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the Howard, St. Christopher, German, and Jewish hos- Eitals, and the Home for incurables. He is a mem- er of the county, state, and National medical so- cieties, and is a fellow of the Philadelphia college of physicians, and is associate editor in charge of the department of otology in the " Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences" (Philadelphia, 1888). During his residence abroad he contributed letters to the " Medical and Surgical Reporter " of Phila- delphia, and he translated Arlt's " Injuries of the Eye and their Medico-Legal Aspects" (Philadel- phia, 1878) ; Gruber's " Tenotomy of the Tensor Tympani Muscle " (1879) ; and Bruner's " On the Methods of Connections of the Ossicles " (1880).
TURNBULL, Robert, clergyman, b. in White-
burn, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, 10 Sept., 1809 ; d.
at Hartford, Conn., 20 Nov., 1877. He was gradu-
ated at Glasgow university, and studied theology
under Dr. Thomas Chalmers at Edinburgh. While
thus engaged he became a Baptist, and preached
for a short time in Scotland and England. In 1833
he came to this country, settling as pastor of the
Baptist church in Danbury, Conn. After brief
pastorates here, in Detroit, Hartford, and Boston,
ne returned in 1845 to Hartford, as minister of
the 1st Baptist church, which relation continued
for twenty-four years. Leaving the pastorate in
1869, he preached in various places, and served as
secretary of the Connecticut Baptist state conven-
tion. In 1851 he received from Madison university
the degree of D. D. He was for several years joint
editor of the " Christian Review," and, besides nu-
merous contributions to the periodical press, was
the author of "The Theatre" (Boston, 1840);
" Olympia Morata " (1842) ; Alexandre R. Vinet's
" Vital Christianity," translated, with an introduc-
tion and notes (1846) ; " The Genius of Scotland "
(New York, 1847) ; " The Genius of Italy " (1849) ;
" Theophany, or the Manifestation of God in Christ "
(Hartford, 1851) ; " Vinet's Miscellanies " (New
York, 1852) ; " Pulpit Orators of Prance and Swit-
zerland" (1853) ; "The Student Preacher " (1854) ;
" The World We Live in " (1855) ; " Christ in His-
tory, or the Central Power " (Boston, 1856) ; and
" Life Pictures, or Sketches from a Pastor's Note-
Book " (New York, 1857). He also edited Sir Will-
iam Hamilton's " Discussions on Philosophy."
TURNBULL, Robert James, political writer,
b. in New Smyrna, Fla., in January, 1775 ; d. in
Charleston, S. C., 15 June, 1833. He was the son
of a British physician, who obtained grants from
the government in 1772 to establish a Greek colony
in Florida. About 15,000 Greeks, Moravians, and
other inhabitants of the Mediterranean islands
were induced to emigrate, and they founded New
Smyrna, so named in honor of Mrs." Turnbull, who
was of Greek descent and a native of Smyrna.
The project was unsuccessful, and Dr. Turnbull
forfeited his grants by adhering to the cause of the
colonies during the Revolutionary war, when he
settled in Charleston, S. C. The son was educated
in England, and then studied law in Charleston and
Philadelphia. After his admission to the bar he
practised in Charleston until 1810, when he retired
to a large plantation in the country. While in
Europe he wrote a " Visit to the Philadelphia
Penitentiary " (London, 1797), which was trans-
lated into French (Paris, 1800), and attracted at-
tention both at home and abroad. He became a
leader in the nullification movement, and wrote
a series of articles on that subject in 1827 for the
" Charleston Mercury," which were afterward issued
as " The Crisis," and became the text-book of the
nullification party. Mr. Turnbull was "reputed
the ablest writer in favor of the principle of nulli-
fication." He argued that " each state has the un-
questionable right to judge of the infractions of
the constitution, and to interpose its sovereign
power to arrest their progress and to protect its
citizens," which principle he incorporated in his
treatise on "The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort"
(1830). In 1831 he was a member of the Free-
trade convention that assembled at Columbia, S. C,
and wrote the report of that body, and he was ac-
tive in the similar convention in Charleston in
February, 1832. He delivered an oration before an
assemblage of the nullification party that showed
its influence in the subsequent election, and in
November of the same year he was a delegate to
the convention of the people of South Carolina
that passed the nullifying ordinance, and prepared
the address of that convention to the people. After
the proclamation of President Jackson was received
in South Carolina he was the first to enlist when
volunteers were called for, in addition to the or-
ganized militia, to resist the National government.
A. monument was erected to his memory in Charles-
ton by his political admirers and associates.
TURNBULL, William, engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Oct., 1800: d. in Wilmington, N. C., 9 Dec, 1857. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1819, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant in the artillery. After serving in garrison at Fort McHenry for a year he was on topo-
graphical duty until 1832, being made in 1831 assistant topographical engineer, with the brevet of captain. From 1832 till 1843 he was superintending topographical engineer of the construction of the Potomac aqueduct. This work, one of the earliest of the important undertakings of American engineers, gave Col. Turnbull a high rank among his professional associates. The piers of the aqueduct were founded by coffer-dams on rock, sometimes covered by twenty feet of mud, and nearly forty feet below the water surface. He was made major, 7 July, 1838. and had charge of the repairs of the Potomac (long) bridge in 1841-3. Subsequently he
