the island of Tortuga, funds for the purpose hav- ing been supplied by the consul of the United States. He spent more than a year there, and made a rich collection of plants and designs. Poiteau went to the United States in 1800, and Turpin was pharmacist to the French army in Santo Domingo during Leclerc's expedition, and then sailed for the United States, where he became a teacher in New Orleans and Philadelphia, and, meeting Baron von Humboldt, returned with him to Prance. He afterward executed the icono- graphic part of several of Humboldt's works. Tur- pin wrote many works, among them " Lecons de flore" (Paris, 1819); "Essai d'une iconographie eleraentaire et philosophique des vegetaux, avec un texte explicatif " (1820); and "Iconographie vege- tale. ou organisation des vegetaux" (1841).
TURREAU DE GARAMBOUVILLE, Louis Marie', Baron de Linieres, French soldier, b. in France in 1756; d. in Conches, department of the
Eure, 15 Dec, 1816. He entered the army in
youth, fought under Count Rochambeau for Ameri-
can independence, and attained the rank of cap-
tain. He served as a general of division in Ven-
dee, Italy, and Switzerland, and in 1804 was made
a baron. He was minister to the United States in
1804-'ll, and vainly attempted to induce the gov-
ernment of this country to adopt a French policy.
After his return he published " Apercu sur la situ-
ation politique des Etats-Unis" (1815), a bitter cri-
tique of the government of the United States,
which he says in the preface " the author has stud-
ied eight years without being able to comprehend
it." Some time before his death he retired to his
estate at Conches, in the department of the Eure.
He also published " Memoires pour servir a l'his-
toire de la guerre de la Vendee " (1815).
TUTHILL, Louisa Cornelia, author, b. in New
Haven, Conn., 6 July, 1798; d. in Princeton, N. J.,
1 June, 1879. Her maiden name was Huggins,
and in 1817 she married Cornelius Tuthill, lawyer,
who was for two years editor of the " Microscope "
and died in 1825. During the last thirty years of
her life she resided at Princeton. She contrib-
uted anonymously to magazines, and among other
works published " James Somers, the Pilgrim's
Son " (Boston, 1827) ; " Mary's Visit to Boston "
(1829) ; " Ancient Architecture " (New Haven,
1830); " Calisthenics " (Hartford, 1831); "Young
Lady's Home " (New Haven, 1841) ; " I will be a
Lady " (Boston. 1845) ; " I will be a Gentleman "
(1846) ; " A Strike for Freedom " (1848) ; a series of
" Tales for the Young " (1844-'50) ; a new series
for the young (1852-'4) ; " True Manliness, or
the Landscape Gardener " (1865) ; and " The Young
Lady at Home and in Society " (New York, 1869).
With others she prepared "The Juvenile Library
for Boys and Girls," and edited " Young Lady's
Reader " (New Haven, 1840) ; " Mirror of Life "
(Philadelphia, 1848) ; and " Beauties- of De Quin-
cey " (Boston, 1861). Many of her books were re-
Eublished in England. — Her daughter, Cornelia,
. in New Haven, Conn., 9 April, 1820; d. in New
York, 11 Aug., 1870, married John L. Pierson, of
New York, in 1866, and published many popular
books for the young.
TUTTLE, Albert Henry, naturalist, b. in Cuya-
hoga Falls, Ohio, 19 Nov., 1844. He was gradu-
ated in the scientific course at the State college of
Pennsylvania in 1868, and during the two years
following was professor of natural sciences in the
State normal school in Platteville, Wis. In 1870
he became instructor of microscopy in Harvard,
and in 1874 he was called to the chair of zoSlogy
and comparative anatomy in Ohio state university,
where he remained for fourteen years. As a mem-
ber of the faculty of that institution from its or-
ganization, in addition to establishing one of the
earliest laboratories for biological work in the
western states, he took a large part in the devel-
opment of the university and in fixing its policv,
as well as devoting considerable labor to the de-
termination and establishment of intimate rela-
tions between it and the public schools of the
state. In 1888 he was elected professor of bi-
ology and agriculture at the University of Vir-
ginia. Prof. Tuttle was elected a fellow of the
Royal microscopical society of London in 1882,
and in the same year was a vice-president of the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence, having charge over the section of microscopy.
He has written for scientific and educational peri-
odicals, and is the author of reports of state com-
missions of which he has been a member.
TUTTLE, Charles Wesley, astronomer, b. in Newfield, Me., 1 Nov., 1829 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 17 July, 1881. He was educated in the schools of his native town and in Dover, where he .learned the trade of a carpenter with his uncle, devoting his leisure to study. While still a lad he constructed a telescope, which was a remarkable piece of mechanism considering that he had never seen such an instrument. He removed to Cambridge in 1849, in 1850 entered the observatory at Harvard as a student,, and was in 1851 appointed assistant observer. Owing to impaired eyesight, he was forced to resign his post, and then studied law at Harvard. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practised in Newburyport, and afterward in Boston until his death. In 1855 he was sent to England in charge, with his friend Sidney Coolidge, of a chronometric expedition of the U. S. coast survey for determining the difference of longitude between Liverpool and Cambridge. Harvard gave him the degree of A. M. in 1854, and Dartmouth that of Ph. D. in 1880. His leisure was devoted to historical and antiquarian research, and he won a high reputation as an original investigator. He was active in procuring the act of incorporation of the Prince society, of which he was treasurer and corresponding secretary, and was a member of various historical societies, before which he frequently read papers. He delivered the bi-centennial address before the New Hampshire historical society in 1880, in commemoration of the establishment of the first civil government over that province in 1680. He frequently delivered lectures upon astronomy, and contributed largely to astronomical journals. He was the author of a monograph on " Cant. John Mason, the Founder of New Hampshire, edited, with historical illustrations, by John Ward Dean, and published by the Prince society (Boston, 1SS7). — His brother, Horace Parnell, astronomer, b. in Newfield, York co., Me., 24 March, 1839, was educated by his brother in Cambridge. He entered the U. S. navy, and became acting assistant paymaster, 17 Feb., 1863, assistant paymaster, 2 July, 1864, paymaster, 4 May, 1866, and was honorably dismissed on 3 March, 1875. In 1857 he invented a method of inserting a steel rifled core into brass or iron cannon, which method is extensively used by European governments, but a patent for which was refused bv the U. S. patent-office. In 1861 he devised a method of signalling at long distances by using flashes made by a Drummond light, to correspond with the dots "and dashes of the Morse telegraph system. He discovered thirteen comets between 1857 and 1866, and in 1861-2 the asteroids MaTa and Clvtie. At present he is assistant computer in the U. S. naval observatory. Mr. Tuttle
