with this office it has been his duty to visit the greater part of the Dominion, and he has won everywhere a reputation for eloquence. In 1879 he made a vigorous effort to clear the church missions department of a debt of $75,000, which resulted in the collection of $116,000. He was secretary to the conference again in 1878. and in 1879 received the degree of D. D. from Victoria college. He has published "A Summer in Prairie Land" (Toronto, 1882).
SUTHERLAND, Joel B., jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1791 ; d. there, 15 Nov., 1861. He was graduated as a physician at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1812, served in the war with Great Britain in 1813, and subsequently was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He was a member of congress in 1827-'37, chairman of the committee on commerce in 1835-'7, and judge of the court of common pleas in Philadelphia. He published "Manual of Legislative Practice and Order of Business in Deliberative Bodies" (Philadelphia, 1830), and "A Congressional Manual" (1839).
SUTLIFFE, Albert, poet, b. in Meriden, Conn.,
about 1830. After teaching in a private school in
Kentucky, he removed in 1855 to Minnesota, where
he has since resided. He first became known as a
writer of verse for the " National Era," Washing-
ton, D. C, and in 1854 was a contributor to the
" Genius of the West," at Cincinnati. He pub-
lished a volume of poems (Boston, 1859).
SUTRO, Adolph Heinrich Joseph, mining
engineer, b. in Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia,
29 April, 1830. He was educated in his native
place. His father was a cloth-manufacturer, and
Adolph learned the details of the business and
travelled for the factory, but the elder Sutro died
before the son was old enough to continue the
business, and the family, consisting of seven sons
and four daughters, came to New York in 1850.
During the voyage Adolph had learned of the gold
fever in California, and, soon after establishing the
family in Baltimore, he set out for the Pacific coast.
Having studied mineralogy in the best polytechnic
schools in Germany, he was much better prepared
for mining operations than the majority who at
that time were flocking to the gold-fields. He
visited Nevada in 1860, and, after a careful inspection
of the mining region there, he planned the now
famous Sutro tunnel through the heart of the
mountain where lay the Comstock lode. Having
interested capitalists in the project, he obtained a
charter from the Nevada legislature on 4 Feb.,
1865, and the authorization of congress on 25 July,
1866. The mining companies agreed to pay a toll
of $2 for each ton of ore, from the time when the
tunnel should reach and benefit their mines. The
work was begun on 19 Oct., 1869. It proceeded as
rapidly as its character would permit, and before
the close of 1871 four vertical shafts were opened
along the line of the tunnel, one of which was 552
feet deep. The distance from the mouth of the
tunnel to the Savage mine, where, at a depth of
1,650 feet from the surface, it formed the first
connection with the Comstock lode, is 20,000 feet.
Lateral tunnels connect it with the mines on either
side of the main bore. In 1879 the great tunnel
was finished, and its projector became a millionaire
many times over. Some of the mines at the level
of the tunnel were flooded with water to the depth
of one hundred feet or more, and had long been
abandoned; others were unworkable on account of
the heat and noxious gases. The tunnel with its
shafts effectually ventilated them, and within a
few days they were rid of the accumulated water,
which had a temperature in some mines of 160°
Fahrenheit. Mr. Sutro has devoted a part of his
fortune to the collection of a fine library and art
gallery in San Francisco. In 1887 he presented
that city with a copy of Frédéric A. Bartholdi's
statue of “Liberty enlightening the World.”
SUTTER, John Augustus, pioneer, b. in
Kandern, Baden, 15 Feb., 1803; d. in Washington, D. C.,
17 June, 1880. He was of Swiss parentage, and
his family name was originally Suter. He was
graduated at the military college at Berne in 1823,
entered the French service as an officer of the
Swiss guard, and served in 1823-'4 through the
Spanish campaign. In 1834 he emigrated to this
country and settled in St. Louis. Afterward he
carried on at Santa Fé a profitable trade with
Indians and trappers, whose accounts of California
induced him in 1838 to cross the Rocky mountains.
He first went to Oregon, descended Columbia
river to Fort Vancouver, and thence sailed to
the Sandwich islands, where he purchased a vessel
and went to Sitka, Alaska. After disposing of his
cargo to advantage there, he sailed along the
Pacific coast, and on 2 July, 1839, was stranded in the
Bay of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco).
Penetrating into the interior amid great difficulties,
he founded in the same year the earliest white
settlement on the site of Sacramento, received a
considerable grant of land from the Mexican
government, and in 1841 built a fort, calling it New
Helvetia, which was afterward the first settlement
that was reached by overland emigrants to
California. The Mexican government appointed him
governor of the northern frontier country, but, as
he favored the annexation of California to the
United States, the Mexicans regarded him with
suspicion. When Capt. Charles Wilkes's exploring
expedition reached San Francisco, Sutter gave
him aid and information, and he extended a similar
welcome to John C. Frémont and his party.
When California was ceded to the United States in
February, 1848, Sutter was the owner of a large
tract of land, many thousands of cattle, and other
property, but the discovery of gold on his estate
near Coloma, El Dorado co., at the same time (see
Marshall, James Wilson), proved his financial
ruin. His laborers deserted him, his lands were
overrun by gold-diggers, and the claim he had filed
for thirty-three square leagues, which had been
allowed by the commissioners, was decided against
him on appeal to the supreme court. Despoiled of
his property and reduced to want, he was granted
by the California legislature a pension of $250 a
month. In 1864 his homestead was burned, and
in 1873 he removed to Litiz, Lancaster co., Pa.
After California had been annexed to this country
Sutter was elected first alcalde of his district, and
a delegate to the convention to form a state
constitution, and he was also an Indian commissioner.
The illustration shows the mill on Sutter's property,
near which gold was first discovered.
