of Moselle, and in 1813 he was made a count of the empire. Under Louis XVIII. he was councillor of state, and secretary of the interior in the Riche- lieu cabinet from 24 Sept., 1815, till 8 May, 1816. In 1820 he was returned as a deputy by the de- partment of Calvados, and from 1820 till 1830 he was delegate of the colony of Guadeloupe to the king. He urged the establishment of a maritime entrepot in the Antilles, and also advocated several changes in the judiciary and administration of the colonies. After the accession of Louis Philippe to the throne of France in 1830, he retired to pri- vate life. His works include " Du commerce mari- time considere sous le rapport des colonies " (1828) ; " Memoires et souvenirs (2 vols., 1839) ; and " De la navigation des colonies " (1843).
VAUDREUIL, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis
de, governor of Canada, b. in the castle of Vau-
dreuil, near Castelnaudary, France, in 1640 ; d. in
Quebec, 11 Oct., 1725. He was a brigadier-gen-
eral in the French army, and distinguished him-
self at the siege of Valenciennes. He was sent to
Canada as commander of the forces, and was then
known as Chevalier de Vaudreuil. With 300 men
he went to the relief of Montreal during the massa-
cre of Lachine, and served under Frontenac in his
expedition against the Iroquois. He was engaged in
1690 in the defence of Quebec against the attack
of Admiral Phipps, and in 1693 surprised and de-
feated La Chaudiere Noire, the most astute and ter-
rible of the Iroquois chiefs. In 1702 he obtained
a seigniory, and was appointed governor of Mon-
treal, and in 1703 he became governor of Canada
as successor to M. de Callieres. In 1710 he en-
gaged in the defence of Quebec, and at the same
time made preparations for the relief of Montreal.
After Louis XV. became king, Vaudreuil effected
many reforms in the colony, and his measures,
civil or military, were usually successful. — His
eldest son, Louis Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis
de, French naval officer, b. in Quebec, Canada, in
1691; d. in Rochefort, France, 27 Nov., 1763, en-
tering the Canadian militia at the age of sixteen,
rose rapidly in the service, and held the rank
of major at the death of his father. He then
returned to France, joined the navy as lieutenant,
and was again employed in Canada for several
years. In 1738 he was post-captain and com-
manded the navy in Canada. During the war for
the succession of Austria he fought at Cape Bre-
ton, and for his valor at the battle off Cape Finis-
terre, 25 Oct., 1747. was promoted chef d escadre.
Louis XV. caused Carl Van Loo to paint a picture
that represented Vaudreuil disengaging the flag-
ship when it was surrounded by superior forces,
and a copy was presented to the officer, while the
original is still preserved in the museum at Ver-
sailles. He was promoted lieutenant-general in
1753, fought with credit in the seven years' war,
defended Marie-Galante in the West Indies against
the English, and was governor of Santo Domingo
in 1761-2.— Another son, Pierre Francois, Mar-
quis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, governor of Canada,
b. in Quebec in 1698 ; d. in Paris, France 20 Oct.,
1765, founded the branch of Vaudreuil-Cavagnal.
and was first known as Chevalier de Cavagnal. He
entered the military service, and attained the rank
of major in the marine corps. In 1733 he was ap-
pointed governor of Three Rivers, and in 1742 of
Louisiana, in which capacities he gained great popu-
larity. In 1755 he was appointed governor of Can-
ada. His relations with Montcalm, commander of
the troops in Canada, were unfriendly, and this lack
of harmony between the highest civil and military
authorities in the colony doubtless tended to hasten
the end of French power in North America. In
September, 1759, the British defeated Montcalm
and captured Quebec, and in the spring of 1760
Vaudreuil capitulated to Gen. Amherst at Mon-
treal. Gen. Levis, who was in command of the
troops at Montreal at the time of the surrender,
opposed the capitulation ; but opposition was use-
less. Such, however, was not the view that was
taken of the capitulation and of some other of
Vaudreuil's official actions by the home authorities,
and on his return to France he was imprisoned in
the Bastile on charges preferred by friends of Mont-
calm. He was afterward tried before the Chatelet
de Paris, the result being that the allegations were
shown to be baseless, and he was absolved from all
blame in his administration of the affairs of Cana-
da. He was consequently released from imprison-
ment, but with the loss of nearly all his money and
property. — Another son, Pierre Francois de Rigaud, Chevalier de Vaudreuil, b. in Quebec in
1704; d. in Versailles, France, in 1772, was a
brave and capable officer. He took Fort Massa-
chusetts from the British, gained a victory over
Col. Parker on Lake St. Sacrement, sunk twenty
bateaux, and took five officers and 160 men prison-
ers. He visited France, prevailed on the gov-
ernment to despatch Montcalm, Levis, Bourla-
maque, and Bougainville to Canada, and assembled
at St. John the army that subsequently besieged
the forts at Oswego and Ontario, and made the
last attempt to detach the Iroquois from the Brit-
ish in 1757. He was successively lieutenant-gov-
ernor of Quebec, and governor of Three Rivers
and Montreal. — Louis Philippe's son, Louis Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, naval
officer, b. in Quebec, 28 Oct., 1724; d. in Paris,
France, 14 Dec,
1802, entered the
navy as midship-
man in 1740, and
rose rapidly in the
service, being pro-
moted ensign in
1747 and captain
in 1754. On 19
May, 1759, he
fought a brilliant
engagement with
the English, and
was made Knight
of St. Louis. He
was promoted post
captain, adminis-
tered the govern-
ment of the island
La Desirade, in
the West Indies,
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in 1765-'8, was made brigadier of the naval forces in 1773, and chef d'escadre early in 1777. He commanded a division under Count d'Orvilliers at the battle of Ouessant, 27 July, 1778, and in December, 1778, took charge at Brest of a squadron of two ships of the line, two frigates, and three corvettes. After storming Fort St. Louis, in Senegal, and securing rich prizes on the African coast, he conveyed troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and, joining Count d'Estaing's army, participated in the capture of Grenada and in the attack on St. Lucia. He assisted also in the siege of Savannah in 1779, and assumed command of the fleet when the admiral led the French columns'to the assault. Returning to Brest toward the close of the year, he escorted a convoy of troops to Santo Domingo in February, 1780, escaping by skilful manoeuvring the superior fleet of Admiral Kempenfelt, and