judge and compelled him to adjourn his court. Soon afterward all the U. S. officers, with the exception of the Indian agent, were forced to flee from the territory. These and other outrages determined President Buchanan to supersede Brigham Young in the office of governor, and to send to Utah a military force to protect the Federal officers. (See Cumming, Alfred, and Johnston, Albert Sidney.) The affair terminated with the acceptance of a pardon by the Mormons, who on their part promised to submit to the Federal authority. Throughout his life Young encouraged agriculture and manufactures, the opening of roads and the construction of bridges and public edifices, and pursued a conciliatory policy with the Indians. He successfully completed a contract to grade more than 100 miles of the Union Pacific railroad, was the prime mover in the construction of the Utah Central railroad, aided in building the Utah Northern and Utah Western narrow-gauge roads, introduced and fostered co-operation in all branches of business, and extended telegraph-wires to most of the towns of Utah. Young took to himself a large number of wives, most of whom resided in a building that was known as the “Lion house,” from a huge lion carved in stone that stands upon the portico. In 1871 he was indicted for polygamy but not convicted. At the time of his death he left seventeen wives, sixteen sons, and twenty-eight daughters, and had been the father of fifty-six children. Besides his office of president of the church, Young was grand archer of the order of Danites, a secret organization within the church, which was one of the chief sources of his absolute power, and whose members, it is claimed, committed many murders and other outrages by his orders. By organizing and directing the trade and industry of the community, he accumulated great wealth. His funeral was celebrated with impressive ceremonies, in which more than 30,000 persons participated. See “The Mormons,” by Charles Mackay (London, 1851); “The Mormons, or Latter-Day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake,” by Lieut. John W. Gunnison (Philadelphia, 1852); “Utah and the Mormons,” by Benjamin G. Ferris (New York, 1856); “Mormonism: its Leaders and Designs,” by John Hyde, Jr., formerly a Mormon elder (New York, 1857); “New America,” by William Hepworth Dixon (London, 1867); “The Rocky Mountain Saints,” by Thomas B. H. Stenhouse (New York, 1873); “History of Salt Lake City” (Salt Lake City, 1887); and “Early Days of Mormonism,” by James Harrison Kennedy (New York, 1888).
YOUNG, Charles Augustus, astronomer, b. in
Hanover, N. H., 15 Dec, 1834 He was graduated
at Dartmouth in 1853, and then taught classics at
Phillips Andover academy for three years, during
one year of which he studied at the theological
seminary. In 1856 he was called to fill the chair
of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy
at Western reserve college, Ohio. During the civil
war he was captain of a company in the 85th Ohio
volunteers for three months in 1862. He was
chosen professor of natural philosophy and as-
tronomy at Dartmouth in 1865, which post had
been held by his father, Ira Young, in 1838-'58,
and remained there until 1877, when he accepted
the chair of astronomy at Princeton. Prof. Young
was a member of the astronomical party that was
sent to observe the total solar eclipse of 7 Aug.,
1869, at Burlington, Iowa., and was given charge
of the spectroscopic observations of the party. On
this occasion he discovered the green line of the
coronal spectrum, and identified it with the line
,474 of the solar spectrum. He was also a mem-
ber of the expedition under Prof. Joseph Winlock
to observe the eclipse of 1870, at Jerez, Spain,
and then discovered that the so-called " reversing
layer " of the solar atmosphere produces a bright-
line spectrum correlative to the ordinary dark-line
spectrum of sunlight. In August, 1872, he was
stationed at Sherman, Wyoming, to make solar
spectroscopic observations. He went to Pekin as
assistant astronomer under Prof. James C. Watson
to observe the transit of Venus on 8 Dec, 1874,
and in 1878 he had charge of the astronomical ex-
pedition that was organized by Princeton to ob-
serve the eclipse of 29 July of that year. He de-
vised a form of automatic spectroscope, which has
been very generally adopted, and has made a great
number of new observations on solar prominences.
He has also verified experimentally what is known
as Doppler's principle as applied to light, showing
that the lines of the spectrum are slightly shifted
to one direction or the other according as the source
of light is moving toward the earth or away from
it. By this means he has been enabled to measure
the velocity of the sun's rotation. Prof. Young has
given popular lectures at the Peabody institute in
Baltimore and the Lowell institute in Boston, and
courses at W r illiams college, and elsewhere. The
degree of Ph. D. was given him by the University
of Pennsylvania in 1870, and that of LL. D. by
Wesleyan university in 1876. He was elected an
associate fellow of the American academy of arts
and sciences in 1871, and in 1872 a foreign associate
of the Royal astronomical society of Great Britain.
In 1872 he was chosen to the National academy of
sciences, and in 1876 served as vice-president of the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence, of which organization he was president in
1883. Besides large contributions to astronomical
journals, scientific addresses, and magazine articles,
he has published " The Sun," in the " International
Scientific Series " (New York, 1882), and " A Text-
Book of General Astronomy " (Boston, 1888).
YOUNG, David, clergyman, b. in Alleghany
county, Pa., 19 March, 1776; d. in Harrisburg,
Ohio, 15 Sept., 1859. He emigrated to Ohio, was
converted to Methodism by Bishop William Mc-
Kendree, was licensed to preach in 1801, and con-
tinued in the active ministry at various places till
1856. He published "Autobiography of a Pio-
neer " (Cincinnati, 1857).
YOUNG, George Paxton, Canadian educator,
b. in Berwick-on-Tweed, 28 Nov., 1818. He was
ordained as a minister of the Free Church of Scot-
land, and removed to Canada in 1848. The same
year he was installed as pastor of Knox church,
Hamilton, and in 1851 he became professor of
mental and moral philosophy in Knox college, To-
ronto, which post he resigned, together with his
office in the ministry, in 1861. In 1865 he was ap-
pointed inspector of grammar-schools for Upper
Canada, and in 1871 he became professor of meta-
physics and ethics in University college, Toronto.
He received the degree of LL. D. in 1882, and
is the author of " Miscellaneous Discourses and
Expositions of Scripture " (Edinburgh, 1854), and
also of "The Philosophical Principles of Natu-
ral Religion " (1862).
YOUNG, James, Canadian member of parliament, b. in Gait, Ont., 24 May, 1835. He was educated in his native place, and owned and edited the "Dumfries Reformer" from 1853 till 1863. Mr. Young was elected to represent South Waterloo in the Dominion parliament in 1867, and re-elected by acclamation in 1872 and 1874, but was an unsuccessful candidate for the same constitu-
