cloth gradually, began his paintings from the top and finished every detail thoroughly before he painted the lower parts. Therefore some of his outlines are defective; but his genius gave him such facility of composition and such rich, soft coloring to his works, that his numerous paintings are esteemed highly among the artistic gems of Mexico. They are preserved for the greater part in his native city, which he never left. His best work is a " Calvary " in the cathedral of Puebla.
ZENDER, Joachim Denis Laurent, physician, b. in Paris, 22 Nov., 1805. He received his education in the College Louis-le-Grand, studied
theology in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, and in
1827 joining the order of the Foreign missions,
came to this country as a missionary in 1828. After teaching humanities in several Roman Catholic colleges in Missouri and Maryland, he left the
church in 1832, studied medicine in New York, obtained his diploma in 1842, and in 1844 was ordained in the latter city as a Protestant minister
of the Congregational church, and gathered a small French congregation. Later he devoted himself to scientific works, and also travelled through
the country, conducting revivals. He published "Anthroponomy, or Magneto - Physiognomico Craniology: A New System on the Magnetic Con-
stitution of Man" (Philadelphia, 1843; revised
ed., New York, 1850); "Abecedaire Francais- Anglais illustre, suivi d'un vocabulaire pittoresque" (1853); and "Guide des Etats-Unis, pour les chemins
de fer, la navigation, les lois et les constitutions de
l'Amerique du Nord" (1858). From 1848 till 1868 Mr. Zender edited yearly the " Almanach et Directoire des Francais aux Etats-Unis," a French
business directory for the United States, and he also published at intervals between 1845 and 1865 several large phrenological charts in Spanish, Eng-
lish, and French.
ZENEA, Juan Clemente (thay-nay'-ah), Cuban
author, b. in Bayamo in 1834 ; d. in Havana, 25
Aug., 1871. When he was very young he went to
Havana, where he received his education, and then
devoted himself to teaching and literary pursuits.
His liberal ideas forced him to emigrate several
times, fixing his residence alternately in the United
States and Mexico, with short sojourns at Havana.
In 1861 he founded the " Revista Habanera," which
was suppressed by the government after two years
of existence. When the Cuban insurrection began
in 1868 he went to New York, where he published
a newspaper in aid of the Cuban patriots. In 1870
he was sent to Cuba by the revolutionary committee
of New York on a special mission to President
Cespedes. When he was attempting to leave the
island, after fulfilling his mission, he was made a prisoner by the Spanish forces, confined several months in Fort Cabanas, of Havana, and finally court-martialed and shot. Zenea enjoys a wide reputation as a lyrical poet in all Spanish-speaking countries, and his poems have been frequently reprinted. He published "Cantos de la Tarde" (Havana, 1860); "Lejos de la patria," a novel (1861) : " En dias de esclavitud " (New York, 1870); and "Diario de un Martir," written in his prison. A complete edition of Zenea's poems was published in New York (1872).
ZENGER, John Peter, printer, b. in Germany
about 1680; d. in New York city in 1746. He
came to this country about 1700, and was an
apprentice in the printing-office of William Bradford
the elder. On 5 Nov., 1733, he began the publication
of the “New York Weekly Journal.” This
paper was the organ of the party that was opposed
to the governor of the province, and was
powerfully
supported by Chief-Justice Lewis Morris,
Rip Van Dam, and James Alexander. It abounded
in lampoons and pasquinades that attracted wide
attention, and attacked the government with
severity, contributing greatly toward loosening the
bonds between England and the colonies. On 17
Nov., 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned by
virtue of a warrant from Gov. William Cosby and
the council for “printing and publishing several
seditious libels.” The house of assembly refused
to concur with the governor, and he ordered the
mayor to burn the papers containing the alleged
libels by aid of the hangman. The order was
obeyed, but by the sheriff's servant, not the hangman,
and the jury failing to find an indictment
against Zenger, the attorney-general was directed
to file an information against him for the said
libels at the next term of the court. His political
friends employed Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia,
to plead his cause, which proved at the same
time to be the question of the liberty of the press
in America, and all the central colonies regarded
the controversy as their own.
(See Hamilton, Andrew.)
At the trial the publishing was
confessed, but Hamilton justified the publication by
asserting its truth. “You cannot be permitted,”
interrupted the chief justice, “to give the truth of
a libel in evidence.” “Then,” said Hamilton to
the jury, “we appeal to you for witnesses of the
facts. The jury have a right to determine both
the law and the fact, and they ought to do so.
The question before you is not the cause of a poor
printer, nor of New York alone; it is the cause
of liberty . . . the liberty of opposing arbitrary
power by speaking and writing truth.” The jury
gave their verdict “not guilty,” and Zenger,
released from his imprisonment of thirty-five weeks,
was received with tumultuous applause by a
concourse of people who had assembled to learn the
result. This event has been termed “the
morning-star of that liberty which subsequently
revolutionized America.” After his death Zenger's
widow and his son John conducted the “Journal”
until 1752. A narrative of the trial was published
with that of William Owen (Boston, 1765).
ZENO, Nicolo, Venetian navigator, b. in Venice about 1340; d. in Newfoundland about 1391. He was a member of a patrician family in Venice, and about 1375 went at his own expense on a voyage to the northern seas, but was wrecked on what he describes as the island of Frislanda (probably in the Faroe group), and rescued by Zichmin, the chief of a neighboring island, into whose service he entered. He remained with Zichmin for some time, assisted in the conquest of Frislanda, and invited his brother Antonio to join him. They visited Greenland (which they named Engronelanda) and Newfoundland, and in company with fishermen navigated along the coast of North America as far, it is claimed, as Virginia. Nicolo died four years after Antonio's arrival, often sending to a third brother. Carlo, grand-admiral of Venice, accounts of his discoveries. Antonio remained ten years more in the service of Zichmin, and then returned to Venice, where he died about 1405, Zeno wrote an account of his voyages, which he showed to several persons, but his papers were partly burned by Antonio's young grandson, Caterino (b. in Venice in 1515). The latter, realizing afterward the value of his grand-uncle's papers, was able, with a few letters that had been sent from Frislanda to Carlo, to compile from them a narrative, which he published under the title " Scoprimento dellas isolas Frislanda, Eslanda, Engronelanda, Estotilanda, et Icaria " (Venice.
