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at Nuxco in 1855, but Comonfort saved him from being shot, keeping him on his staff, and after the triumph of the Liberal party Zuloaga was sent to pacify the mountaineers of Queretaro, and served in the iwo sieges of Puebla. His former affilia- tion with the Conservative and Church party caused him to conspire against the Lib- eral government, and on 17 Dec, 1857, he pro- nounced with his brigade in Tacu- baya against the new constitution, and for invest- ing Comonfort with extraordi- nary powers. The latter wavered for a long time be- tween the two Sarties, and on 11 an., 1858, Zuloa- ga's brigade, un-

der command of

Gen. Parra, occupied the principal points of the capital, proclaim- ing that Comonfort was deposed and that Zuloaga was president in his stead. He took possession of the executive on 23 Jan., all the reactionary chiefs flocked round him, and the bloody so-called '• war of reform " soon began, the Liberals under Juarez opposing the Church party, which proclaimed, un- der the banner of " religion and special legislation for the church and military," the abolishment of the reform laws, and received secret but strong support from the Spanish government. Zuloaga despatched forces under Miramon, Osollo, and other chiefs against the former; but he found opposition in his own party. In December, 1858, the garrison rose against him, and on the 23d of that month he was deposed and took refuge in the British legation. The provisional president that was elected by the representative junta, Gen. Miramon, on his return from the campaign of the interior, 21 Jan., 1859, declared the deposition of Zuloaga illegal, and re- instated him ; but the latter resigned and appoint- ed Miramon his substitute, delivering the execu- tive on 2 Feb. Several times afterward he seemed inclined to resume his place at the head of the gov- ernment, and he was forced to accompany Mira- mon nominally as chief of engineers, but in reality as a prisoner. On Miramon s march to Jalisco, Zuloaga escaped from Leon in July, 1860, and im- mediately issued a manifesto, revoking his resigna- tion of 2 Feb., 1859, and declaring himself consti- tutional president, and, although he did not find followers, Miramon went to the capital, resigned as substitute, and caused himself to be appointed provisional president by the representative junta. Shortly before the final defeat of the reactionary party, Zuloaga made his peace with Miramon, and was with him in Mexico the day after the battle of Calpulalpam, when the funds in the treasury were divided. Zuloaga then made his way to the mountains to raise partisans, and shortly reap- peared at the head of a force to oppose the Liberal government, together with Marquez, Mejia, Ne- grete, Taboada, and other chiefs. The ex-minister, Melchor Ocampo, was delivered by the guerilla chief, Cajigas, to him and Marquez, and shot at Tepeji, by the orders of one of the two, for which cruel act they were declared outlaws by congress, and a price of $10,000 was set on their heads. On the invasion of the French in 1862, unlike Mar- quez, Almonte and other reactionary chiefs, he re- fused to serve the foreigners and retired to Europe, but in August, 1864. he returned and made his submission to the empire without taking any fur- ther part, in politics.

ZUMARRAGA, Juan de (thoo-mar'-rah-gah), first bishop of Mexico, b. in Durango, Biscay, in 1468 ; d. in Mexico city in 1548. He entered the Franciscan order at Aranzazu, and was superior of several convents till Charles V. appointed him inquisitor of Biscay. In 1527 he was named first bishop of New Spain, and in 1528 sailed for Mex- ico as visitor of his order and protector of the Indians. He had difficulties with the first audi- encia under Nufio de Guzman, whose cruel meas- ures against the Indians he opposed. After the second audiencia, under the presidency of Sebas- tian Ramirez de Fuenleal, took charge of the gov- ernment in 1531, Zumarraga returned to Spain, was consecrated bishop in September, 1534, and sailed soon afterward to Mexico, where he con- tinued to befriend the Indians. He began the construction of the first cathedral, founded the hospitals of Amor de Dios in Mexico and Vera Cruz, and established also a hospital for Francis- can monks. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, fainted on the Indian cloak, was first seen by him. n 1538 he assembled the first Mexican council, and in 1545 Pope Paul III. raised him to the dig- nity of metropolitan archbishop of New Spain. He is probably the author of a " Doctrina Cristi- ana," or catechism (Seville, 1532), which still ex- ists in the Franciscan convent of Texeoco, with his autograph dedication to Friar Toribio Motoli- nia, who translated it into Aztec. It was the first book that was printed in the New World, on a Sress and material furnished by the famous printer uan Cromberger, of Seville, and brought to Mexi- co by the first viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza (Mexi- co, 1540). He also wrote several catechisms and other religious works, which were translated into Aztec (Mexico, 1543-'6) ; " Varias Cartas al Empera- dor Carlos V." ; and " Memorias de la Nueva Es- pafia," giving noteworthy details about the condi- tion of Mexico soon after the conquest. The letters and history are preserved in manuscript in the ar- chives of the Indies, and will appear in the continua- tion of the state publication, " Cartas de Indias."

ZUMAYA, Manuel (thoo-mah'-yah), Mexican clergyman, b. in the city of Mexico about 1670; d. in'Oaxaea about 1740. He studied theology in the College of San Ildefonso, but early showed a proclivity for music, and was appointed director of the choir of the cathedral in his native city. On account of his dramatic and musical talent, he was a favorite of the viceroys, Dukes of Albu- ?uerque and of Linares, and he translated several talian operas for representation in the viceregal palace. In 1737 he followed the bishop-elect of Oaxaca to his diocese, where he became rector of the cathedral and devoted himself thenceforth ex- clusively to his clerical duties. Besides the operas translated from the Italian, he is the author of " El Rodrigo," a drama represented in the viceregal {talace to celebrate the birth of the crown-prince juis (Mexico, 1708), and " La Partenope,"' an opera, text and music by Zumaya (1711).

ZUNDEL, John, musician, b. in Hochdorf, near Stuttgart, Germany, in 1815; d. in Cannstadt, Germany, in July, 1882. He studied at the Royal academy of Esslingen, Germany, during 1829-'31, and began the study of the violin, but relinquished that instrument for the organ. In 1840 he went to St. Petersburg, and in 1847 came to the United