Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, volume 6).djvu/709

BUTLER, George Bernand, artist, b. in New York city, 8 Feb., 1838. His father, of the same name, and his uncle Charles were both well-known lawyers. He began under Thomas Hicks to study painting, and in 1859 spent some time in Thomas Couture's studio in Paris. In the autumn of 1860 he returned to the United States and served in the National army during the civil war, los- ing an arm at the battle of Gettysburg. He re- turned to Europe in 1865 and devoted himself to painting animals, also studying with Otto Weber. For two years he continued his work under Cou- ture at Senlis, and spent the winter of 1867-'8 in Italy. He then returned to this country, but in 1873 visited Europe again, and was during the ten following years in Italy, chiefly in Rome and Ven- ice. At this time he met James A. M. Whistler, who exerted very great influence on his work. Since 1883 he has been engaged principally in portraiture. In 1873 he was elected a National academician. His paintings include " The Shep- herd and Dogs on the Campagna"; "The Capri Rose," purchased by Alexander T. Stewart ; " The Lace-Maker " ; " An Italian Peasant " ; and sev- eral striking groups of animals.

BYERS, Samuel Hawkins Marshall, poet, b. in Pulaski, Pa., 23 July, 1838. He was educated in the public schools of Oskaloosa, Iowa, and stud- ied law, but did not practice. He served in the National army, was taken prisoner in November, 1863, and while in confinement in Columbia, S. C, wrote the song entitled " Sherman's March to the Sea," whose popularity gave its name to the cam- paign it celebrated. He was U. S. consul at Zurich, Switzerland, in 1869-'84, and consul-general to Italy in 1885. In addition to being a frequent contributor to magazines, Mr. Byers is the author of " The Happy Isles, and other Poems " (Bos- ton, 1885) ; " History of Switzerland " (New York, 1886); and "Military History of Iowa" (Des Moines, Iowa, 1888).

CADWALADER, Thomas, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708 ; d. near Trenton, N. J., 14 Nov., 1779. He began the study of medicine in Philadelphia and completed his course in London. About 1731 he returned to Philadelphia, and con- tinued his profes- sion there for fif- teen years. Dur- ing the winter of 1736-'7 he is men- tioned as one of the physicians that inoculated for the small-pox. In 1746 he re- moved to Tren- ton, N. J., but in

he returned 

to Philadelphia. He subscribed in

toward the 

capital stock of the Pennsylvania hospital, of which

he became one of

the original physicians, and in the same year was elected a member of the common council, in which he served until 1774. Dr. Cadwalader. was called to the provincial council on 2 Nov., 1755, and signed the non-importation articles. In July, 1776, the committee of safety of Pennsylvania appointed him on a committee for the examination of all candidates that applied for the post of surgeon in the navy, and at the same time he was appointed a medical director of the army hospitals. In 1778 he succeeded the elder William Shippen as surgeon of Pennsylvania hospital, and previously, in 1765, he had been elected trustee of the Medical college of Philadelphia, where he gave a course of lectures. Dr. Cadwalader was a member of the American philosophical society and the American society for promoting useful knowledge before their union in 1769. He was one of the original corporators of the Philadelphia library company in 1731. It is reported that he saved the life of a son of Gov. Jonathan Belcher by the application of electricity before 1750, and he published an " Essay on the West India Dry Gripes " (1745). Its purpose was to prove that quicksilver and drastic purgatives were highly injurious to the system. He was the father of Gen. John Cadwalader and of Col. Lambert Cadwalader. — His grandson, Thomas, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Oct., 1779; d. there, 31 Oct., 1841, was the son of Gen. John Cadwalader, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in. 1795. After studying law he was admitted to the bar,' but took charge of the interests of the Penn family, which withdrew him from practice. In April, 1799, he was a private soldier in a cavalry troop, and was one of the sixteen that captured the ringleaders of the insurrection in Pennsylvania. During the war of 1812 he was a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and he was afterward appointed to command the advanced light-brigade. Under Gen. Cadwalader's training these troops became remarkable for their efficiency and discipline. In 1812 he was appointed major-general of the 1st division of Pennsylvania militia. With Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor he was appointed in 1826 to revise the tactics of the U. S. army. In 1816 he was appointed a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. — His son, John, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 April, 1805 ; d. there, 26 Jan., 1879, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1821, and in 1825, after studying law with Horace Binney, was admitted to the bar. The place of solicitor of the Bank of the United States was given to him by his relative, Nicholas Biddle, then its president, and his services were also retained by the government in important cases, among which was the Blackburne cloth prosecution. Mr. Cadwalader afterward confined himself to private practice in his profession, and was one of the best-known commercial lawyers in the United States. In 1844, after the riots of that year, he raised a company for the city artillery composed chiefly of lawyers, which was partially supported by the city authorities. He was elected to congress as a Democrat and served from 3 Dec, 1855, till 3 March. 1857. In 1858 he was appointed judge of the U. S. district court, and he served thereafter on the bench until his death. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1870. — Dr. Thomas's grandson. Thomas, soldier, b. near Trenton, N. J., 11 Sept., 1795 ; d. there, 22 Oct., 1873, was the son of Col. Lambert Cadwalader (vol. i., p. 494). He was born at Greenwood, a property that was purchased by his father in 1776, and is still owned by the family. Young Cadwalader was graduated at Princeton in 1815 and then studied law, but never practised. He was appointed deputy adjutant-general of the New Jersey militia on 2 June, 1830, aide-de-camp to the governor, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and adjutant-general of the state, with the rank of brigadier-general, on 30 July, 1842. This office he