self as a colonel of engineers in the French army. He served under Washington in the Trenton- Princeton campaign. On 1 Jan., 1777, he was or- dered to take his brigade to hold an advanced post at Mile-Run, beyond Maiden-Head (now Lawrence- ville). That same night he returned to Trenton, leaving his command in a somewhat questionable way. The following year (1777) he was placed in command of Fort Independence, opposite Fort Ti- conderoga, by orders of congress, and against the protest of Washington. On the retreat of Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair from Ticonderoga, Fermoy, against the orders of the commanding general, set fire to his quarters on Mount Independence at two o'clock on the morning of 6 July, 1777, thus revealing to Burgoyne St. Clair's evacuation of Ticonderoga. Had it not been for this, St. Clair would have made good his retreat in safety. In December, 1777, he applied for promotion to a major-generalship, but congress, on 31 Jan., 1778, refused his request, and on 16 Feb., 1778, he was allowed to resign, receiving $800 to enable him to return to the West Indies.
FIELD, William Hildreth, lawyer, b. in New
York city, 16 April, 1843. He was graduated at
Union college in 1863, and at Columbia college law-
school in 1865. He was taken into partnership by
Judge John W. Edmonds, and remained with him
until his death in 1874. He was elected president of
the Catholic club of New York in June, 1887, and re-
elected in 1888. Under his management this body
has become the most influential Roman Catholic
organization in the state. He has tried many cases
before the court of appeals, some of great public
importance, involving the interpretation of stat-
utes, in which the law has been settled in accord-
ance with the construction that he advocated. He
edited, with Judge Edmonds, " Statutes at Large of
the State of New York " (9 vols., Albany, 1863-'75).
FLETCHER, Alice Cunningham, ethnolo-
gist, b. in Boston, Mass., about 1845. She was care-
fully educated, and, after study among the archaeo-
logical remains of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys,
went in 1881 to reside among the Omaha Indians,
investigating their customs and traditions under
the auspices of the Peabody museum of American
archaeology and ethnology of Harvard. In 1883
she was appointed by the secretary of the interior
to allot the Omahas their lands in severalty, and
brought to the Indian schools at Carlisle, Pa., and
Hampton, Va., a large party of their children and
two married couples. Under the care of the Wom-
an's national Indian association, Miss Fletcher
established a system by which small sums of money
were lent to such Indians as wished to buy tracts
of land and build houses. At the request of the
Indian bureau, she prepared an exhibit for the New
Orleans exposition in 1884-'5 showing the progress
of Indian civilization for the last twenty-five years.
In 1886 she was sent by the commissioner of edu-
cation to visit Alaskan and Aleutian Indians, and
in 1888 completed her report on " Indian Educa-
tion and Civilization," in which is a synopsis of all
Indian treaties, their laws and regulations, and sta-
tistics concerning population, schools, etc. (Wash-
ington, 1888). In 1887 she was appointed special
agent, and assigned to the Winnebago tribe. She
has published numerous papers and monographs.
FLICKINGER, Daniel Kumler, bishop of the
United Brethren, b. in Sevenmile, Ohio, 25 May,
1824. He received an academic education, became
corresponding secretary of the United-Brethren
church missionary society in 1857, and held office
by re-election till 1885, when he was chosen foreign
missionary bishop. He has made eight missionary
tours to Africa, and done work on the frontiers of
the United States and among Chinese emigrants.
Otterbein university, Ohio, gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1875. Dr. Flickinger has published " Off-
Hand Sketches in Africa " (Dayton, Ohio, 1857) ;
"Sermons," with Rev. William J. Shuey (1859);
" Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Years of Missionarv Life
in Western Africa" (1877); and "The Church's
Marching Orders " (1879).
FLOOD, James Clair, capitalist, b. in Ireland
in 1825. He emigrated to New York when a young
man in the same ship with William O'Brien, with
whom he formed an intimate friendship during
the voyage. After working in ship-yards the two
went to California in 1851, and opened a saloon in
San Francisco. They made money by speculating
in mining stock, and several years later formed a
partnership with James G. Fair and John W.
Mackay, who were then young miners. Flood and
O'Brien agreed to furnish money for tools and out-
fit, while Fair and Mackay prospected in the
Sierras. The result was the discovery of the Com-
stock lode, which made them four of the wealthiest
men in the world. They subsequently established
the Nevada bank in San Francisco, and the part-
nership continued till 1881, when Mr. Fair was
elected to the U. S. senate. Soon afterward Mr.
Flood withdrew from active business.
FOLEY, John Samuel, R. C. bishop, b. in
Baltimore. Md., 5 Nov., 1833. He was graduated
at St. Mary's college, Baltimore, in 1850, studied
theology there and in Rome, and was ordained a
priest, 20 Dec, 1856. After filling several appoint-
ments in Maryland, he was commissioned by Arch-
bishop Spalding to establish a new congregation
in the western part of Baltimore, and built for it
the Church of St. Martin, one of the finest in the
city, also taking an active interest in educational
matters. Dr. Foley was employed on important
private missions by Archbishop Spalding and
Cardinal Gibbons, and had much influence in the
Baltimore council of 1884. He was appointed to
the see of Detroit 5 Aug. 1888. He is a brother of
Thomas Foley, bishop of Chicago (q. v.).
FOULON, Clement, known as Father Claude
D'Abbeville, French missionary, b. in Abbeville,
Somme, about 1557 ; d. in Paris in 1632. In 1612
he accompanied Commander Isaac de Razilly to
South America, and, after exploring the northern
shore of Brazil, began a small settlement on the
island of Maranhao, near the coast. Returning to
France a few months later, he vainly solicited aid
from the church, and in 1614 recalled the three
missionaries that he had left on Marafion island.
He was a preacher of much repute, and for many
years the superior of the convent of Capucins at
Abbeville which he had founded. He published
" Histoire de la mission des P. P. Capucins a File
de Maragnon et terres circonvoisines " (Paris, 1614).
FULLER, Melville Weston, jurist, b. in Augusta, Me., 11 Feb., 1833. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his uncle, George M. Weston, and then at Harvard, and began to practise in 1855 in his native city. There he was an associate editor of the "Age," served as president of the common council, and became city attorney in 1856 ; but he resigned in June of that year, and removed to Chicago, 111., where he was in active practice for thirty-two years. He rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was concerned in many important cases, among which were the National bank tax cases, one of which was the first that was argued before Chief-Justice Waite, the Cheney ecclesiastical case, the South park commissioners cases, and the Lake front case. He was a member of the State consti-
