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coach-maker in Albany as a decorator of carriage- panels. In 1851 he went to Diisseldorf and studied with Schirmer. He opened a studio in Albany, and worked for four years, but in 1857 removed, to New York, where he was elected an associate of the National academy, and in 1859 an academician. Mr. Hart is noted for his treatment of cattle in landscape and his rendition of pasto- ral scenes. Among his works are " Cattle Going Home " and " Moonrise in the Adirondacks " (1871) ; " In the Orchard " and " A Breezy Day on the Road " (1874) ; " Landscape, Road and Cattle " (1875) : " A Misty Morning," exhibited at the Cen- tennial (1876) ; " In the Pasture " (1877) ; " Sum- mer Memory of Berkshire," and " Indian Summer," both exhibited at the Paris salon (1878) ; " Princess Lily" (1882); "Boughs for Christmas" (1884); " At the Watering-Trough " (1885) : " Three Little Maids " and " On the North Shore " (1886). HARTE, Francis Bret, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 25 Aug., 1839. His father was a teacher in the Albany female seminary, a scholar of ripe cul- ture, who died leav- ing his family with but little means. After an ordinary school education, the son went in 1854 to California with his mother. Prom San Francisco he walked to Sonora, and there opened a school ; but this proved un- successful, and he turned his energies to mining. Fortune was not there, and he became a com- positor in a print- ing-office, beginning his literary career by composing his first articles in type

while working at

the case. During the absence of the editor he con- ducted the journal for a short time, but his arti- cles were not in sympathy with the mining popu- lation, and his editorial experiences terminated abruptly. He drifted back to San Francisco, and in 1857 became a compositor in the office of the " Golden Era." The experience of his frontier life had been impressive, and his literary talents soon put to profitable use the vivid scenes of the past three years. Clever sketches, contributed at first anonymously, attracted the attention of the editor, and Harte was invited to join the corps of writers. Soon afterward he became associated in the man- agement of " The Californian," a literary weekly, short-lived, but of interest as containing his " Con- densed Novels." In 1864 he was appointed secre- tary of the U. S. branch mint, having previously held several minor political appointments, and filled this office for six years, during which time he wrote for San Francisco journals " John Burns of Gettysburg," " The Pliocene Skull," " The So- ciety upon the Stanislau," and other poems, which were widely copied and universally admired. In July, 1868, the publication of " The Overland Monthly " was begun, with Mr. Harte as its organ- izer and editor. The second issue contained " The Luck of Roaring Camp," a story of mining life, which marks the beginning of his higher and more artistic work. It was the first of those sketches of American border experience of which he was the pioneer writer, and in which he originated that peculiar pseudo-dialect of western mining life. The next number contained "The Outcasts of Poker Flat," a realistic story, considered by many his best production. It established his reputa- tion, and was followed in quick succession by " Miggles," " Tennessee's Partner," and " The Idyl of Red Gulch." The " Etc." of the early issues of the magazine were by him. In September, 1870, appeared his " Plain Language from Truthful James " (popularly known as " The Heathen Chi- nee "), a satire against the hue and cry that the Chinese were shiftless and weak-minded. He re- ceived the appointment of professor of recent lit- erature in the University of California in 1870, but in the spring of 1871 resigned that chair, and also his editorial appointment, and settled in New York. An effort was made to found a literary periodical under his management in Chicago, but this failed, and he became a regular contributor to the " At- lantic Monthly," and lectured on " The Argonauts of '49 " in various cities. In 1878 he was appointed IT. S. consul to Crefeld, Germany, whence he was transferred in 1880 to Glasgow, Scotland, and con- tinued in that office until the advent of a new ad- ministration in 1885. At present (1887) he is re- siding abroad, engaged in literary pursuits. His publications include "Condensed Novels" (New York, 1867; Boston, 1871); "Poems" (Boston, 1871) ; " Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches" (1871); "East and West Poems" (1871); "Poetical Works" (1871); "Mrs. Skaggs's Hus- bands " (1872) ; " Tales of the Argonauts and Other Stories" (1875); "Thankful Blossom" (1876); "Two Men of Sandy Bar" (1876); "Gabriel Con- roy" (Hartford, 1876); "The Story of a Mine" (Boston, 1877) ; " Echoes of the Foot Hills " (1879) ; " Drift from Two Shores " (1878) ; " The Twins of Table Mountain " (1879) ; " Flip and Found at Blaz- ing Star " (1882) ; " In the Carquinez Woods " (1883) ; " On the Frontier " (1884) ; " By Shore and Sedge " (1885) ; " Maruja, a Novel " (1885) ; " Snow-Bound at Eagle's " (1886) : " A Millionaire of Rough and Ready" (1887); "The Crusade of the Excelsior" (1887) ; also his collected " Works " (5 vols., 1882).

HARTLEY, David, English politician, b. in 1729 ; d. in Bath, England, 19 Dec, 1813. He was the son of the famous writer on metaphysics, was. educated at Oxford, and became a member of par- liament. He opposed the war with the American colonies, was appointed British minister to treat with Benjamin Franklin at Paris, and signed the treaty of peace on behalf of Great Britain in 1783. Some of his letters were published in Frank- lin's correspondence in 1817, and it has been sur- mised that he procured for Franklin the letters of Hutchinson and others. He was possessed of great scientific attainments, and made many useful in- ventions. He published " Letters on the American War" (1776), and other political pamphlets.

HARTLEY, Jonathan Scott, sculptor, b. in Albany, N. Y., 23 Sept., 1845. He was educated at the Albany academy and began his professional life as a worker in marble. Subsequently he went to England, where he passed three years, entered the Royal academy, and gained a silver medal in 1869. After residing for a year in Germany, he returned to the United States, and after another visit to Europe, when he went to Paris and Rome, he became a resident of New York. He is one of the original members of the Salmagundi sketch club, and was professor of anatomy in the schools of the Art students' league in 1878-'84, and president of the league in 1879-80. His works include "The Young Samaritan," "King Rene's Daugh-