mained in office till the end of 1845. From 1846 till 1849 he was minister at Washington, when he signed the treaty for the Panama railroad. He was afterward entrusted with a diplomatic mission-to Costa Rica, and from 1853 till 1861 was again minister to the United States.
HERRERA, Bartolomé (er-ray'-rah), Peruvian R. C. bishop, b. in Lima, 24 Aug., 1808: d. in Arequipa in 1864. In 1828 he was graduated at the University of San Marcos, where for three years he occupied the chair of philosophy and mathematics. In 1831 he was ordained priest, and, besides filling his duties as vice-rector of the College of San Carlos and professor of theology, he soon became known as one of the most eloquent pulpit orators. In 1834 he was appointed to the parish of Cajacay, province of Cajatambo, and so distinguished himself that the Archbishop of Lima made him his secretary-general in the visit to the archdiocese in 1836. Being next year a member of a commission to examine the new civil code, which attacked the clerical immunity, Dr. Herrera demonstrated, from documents and former conventions between the government and the church, the right of asylum in the temples. On returning to his parish at the end of 1837, he was prostrated by a long and serious sickness, and obtained leave to go to Lima, where he resided till 1840, when he obtained the parish of Lurin, province of Lima. There he was consulted, in 1842, by the victorious Gen. Vidal, who appointed him rector of the College of San Carlos. In 1846 he was elected canon of the cathedral, and in 1848 deputy to congress, which body chose him its president. In 1850 he was appointed councillor of state, and next year he undertook the formation of a cabinet, taking for himself the portfolio of justice, public worship, and instruction, and temporarily those of the interior and foreign relations. He took vigorous measures against the powerful party leaders and revolutionary chieftains, and established peace in the interior. Afterward, in order to settle the frequent disputes between the government and the church by means of a concordat, he accepted the mission to European governments. On his return in 1853, as the government refused to ratify the concordat negotiated by him, he retired from politics to his duties as rector of the College of San Carlos. In 1859 Gen. Castilla nominated him for the bishopric of Arequipa, of which he took possession the same year. When in 1860 a modification of the constitution was proposed, he was elected to congress to defend the ultramontane Catholic principles and the rights of the church. He was again elected president of the lower house, and ably defended the church against the encroachments of the government; but, when he saw that his ideas could not prevail, he retired again to the exercise of his episcopal duties.
HERRERA, José Joaqnin de. Mexican president, b. in Jalapa, in 1792; d. in Tacubaya, 10 Feb., 1854. He entered the military service at the age of seventeen, and took part with the Spanish army in the campaign against the revolutionary forces, notably in the battles of Aculco, Guanajuato, and Calderón. In 1814 he was promoted captain, held for time political and military commands, and after the advantages obtained by the insurgents on the Pacific coast retired to Perote, where he established a pharmacy. When independence was proclaimed by Iturbide, 24 Feb., 1821, Herrera was called by the officers of the regiment of grenadiers of Jalapa, who had pronounced for independence and deposed their colonel, to take command, and with them he took part in the final struggle against the Spanish forces, entered the capital, 27 Sept., 1821, and was promoted brigadier-general. He took part in the overthrow of Iturbide in 1823, and in the following year was appointed secretary of war, and was afterward military commander of Jalapa, when a Spanish invasion was threatened. He participated in the revolution that overthrew the government of Bustamante in 1832, and during the presidency of Gomez Farias was twice called to the ministry of war, but after Bustamante had again become president, and during Santa-Anna's first and second administrations, Herrera retired from politics. In 1844 he accepted the office of president of the supreme court, and took charge of the executive after the resignation of Santa-Anna, 12 Sept., until the arrival of the provisional president, Gen. Canalizo, 21 Sept. But Canalizo was deposed and imprisoned by a military revolution, 6 Dec., and Herrera again took charge of the executive, and was afterward elected president. During his short administration, Santa-Anna, who had risen in rebellion, was taken prisoner, and confined in the fortress of Perote, and the difficulties with the United States regarding the annexation of Texas began. Herrera from the beginning had favored the recognition of the independence of that state. This rendered him unpopular, and after an abortive insurrection in June, 1845, on 14 Dec., the commander-in-chief of the forces marching against Texas, Gen. Paredes, pronounced against the government, which was seconded on the 30th by the forces of the capital under Gen. Valencia, and on that day Herrera resigned the executive and retired to his home. During the invasion of the American army in 1847, Herrera served as second in command to Gen. Santa-Anna, and retired on 14 Sept. with part of the army toward Toluca. After the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2 Feb., 1848, the congress elected Herrera president, 30 May, and, after the evacuation of the capital by the American forces, he took charge of the government. His administration was chiefly remarkable for economy, leniency toward his enemies, and thorough honesty. On 8 Jan., 1851, congress elected Gen. Mariano Arista president, and on the 15th of that month Herrera gave up the office to his successor, the change of government taking place for the first time in the history of Mexico in a constitutional manner, and without revolution. Herrera retired to his country-seat at Tacubava.
HERRERA, Miguel da Fonseca e Silva, Brazilian historian, b. in Para in 1763; d. in Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1822. He became a priest, and at his death was vicar of the cathedral of Bahia. He gathered an important collection of documents, which he bequeathed to the historical institute of Rio de Janeiro, which had presented him in 1820 with a gold medal. He published “Memorias historicas e politicas da provineia de Bahia” (3 vols., Bahia, 1815), a collection of rare documents, valuable to the historians of Brazil, and “Corographia Brasilica, seu Descripção fisica, historica e politica do Brasil” (Bahia, 1819).
