Because he portrays life as it is, or rather has the power of transferring the real, throbbing, human life, and not merely its incidents, to his pages as no writer has done before, Mr. Howells regards Count Leo Tolstoi as the first of all novelists that have written. Howells adds to his theory of realism the notion that genius is merely the power of taking conscientious pains. In practice he is a methodical and industrious worker, with a keen literary conscience, mindful of the responsibilities of a writer, serious in mind, but genial and even gay in temperament, and a delightful talker and companion. Mr. Howells married in Paris, 24 Dec., 1862, Elinor G. Mead, sister of Larkin G. Mead, the sculptor. They have three children, two girls and a boy. Besides his occasional uncollected writings, some translations, and four popular farces, "The Parlor Car," "The Sleeping Car," "The Register," and "The Elevator," the writings of Mr. Howells are "Poems of Two Friends," with John J. Piatt (Columbus, Ohio, 1860); "Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1860); "Venetian Life" (London and New York, 1866); "Italian Journeys" (1867); "Suburban Sketches" (1868); "No Love Lost, a Poem of Travel" (1868); "Their Wedding Journey" (Boston, 1871); "A Chance Acquaintance" (1873); "A Foregone Conclusion" (1874); "Out of the Question" (Boston, 1876): "Life of Rutherford B. Hayes" (New York, 1876); "A Counterfeit Presentment" (1877); "Choice Biographies," edited with essays (8 vols., 1877-'8); "The Lady of the Aroostook" (1878); "The Undiscovered Country" (1880); "A Fearful Responsibility, and other Tales" (1882); "Dr. Breen's Practice" (1883); "A Modern Instance" (1883); "A Woman's Reason" (1884); "Three Villages" (1885): "The Rise of Silas Lapham" (1885); "Tuscan Cities" (1885); "A Little Girl among the Old Masters," drawings by his daughter (1886); "The Minister's Charge" 1886); "Indian Summer" (1886); "Modern Italian Poets" (1887); and "April Hopes" (New York, 1887).
HOWLAN, George William, Canadian statesman, b. in Waterford, Ireland, 19 May, 1835. He emigrated to Prince Edward Island in 1839, was educated at the Central academy there, and became a merchant and ship-owner, engaging largely in the fish-trade. He was a member of the executive council of Prince Edward Island in 1866, and remained a member of the government (part of the time as co-leader) almost uninterruptedly till June, 1873. He was a delegate to Washington on matters relating to trade in 1869, and to Ottawa in May, 1873, to settle terms of union with Canada, which terms were unanimously adopted by both houses of the provincial legislature. He was in the provincial assembly from 1862 till June, 1873, when he was appointed collector of customs at Charlottetown, but resigned that office in the following September, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dominion parliament. He was called to the senate in October, 1873, and resigned in 1880, but was reappointed in January, 1881. He is a vice-president of the Dominion hoard of trade, a governor of Prince of Wales college, consular agent for the United States, and vice-consul for Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
HOWLAND, Alfred Cornelius, artist, b. in Walpole, N. H., 12 Feb., 1838. He was educated at Walpole academy and high-school and at Westminster, Vt., and studied art at the academy of Dusseldorf, Germany, and under Émile Lambinet in Paris. On returning to the United States he was elected a member of the Artists' fund society in 1873, an associate of the National academy in 1874, and academician in 1880, serving on the council of the academy in 1880-'4. His paintings include "A Bovine Retreat" (1869); "Morning on the River Banks" (1870); "The Sunlight Path" (1871); "Old Mill on the Bushkill" (1874); "On the Connecticut at Brattleboro" (1876): "Monday Morning" (1876); "The Village Band" (1877); "Winter Sunset, Williamstown, Mass." (1878); "Driving a Bargain" (1879); "They're Coming" (1884); "A Fourth of July Parade" (1886); and "On the Hoosac" and "The Old Farm" (1887). He sent "Ford's Glen" to Paris for exhibition in 1878.
HOWLAND, Benjamin, senator, b. in Tiverton, R. I., in 1756; d. there, 9 May, 1821. He was educated at the public schools, was a member of the state general assembly, and also held several local offices. He was elected a U. S. senator from Rhode Island, as a Democrat, to fill the uncompleted term of Samuel J. Potter, deceased, and served from 3 Dec, 1804. till 3 March, 1807.
HOWLAND, George, educator, b. in Conway, Franklin co., Mass., 30 July, 1824. He was graduated at Amherst in 1850, was tutor there in 1852-'5, and instructor in Latin and French in 1855-'8, when he removed to Chicago. He was elected as assistant teacher in the Chicago high-school in 1858, chosen principal in 1860, and held this office continuously until 1880, when he was elected superintendent of schools for the city. He has been a trustee of Amherst college since 1879, and in 1881 was appointed on the Illinois state board of education, of which he was chosen president in 1883. Mr. Howland has attained note as an educator. He has published "A Grammar of the English Language" (Chicago. 1867); a volume of poems under the title of "Little Voices" (1878); a translation of the Æneid into English hexameter, which has been much admired (2 vols., New York, 1880-'4); and numerous addresses on educational topics.
HOWLAND, John, author, b. in Newport, R. I., 31 Oct., 1757; d. in Providence. R. I., 5 Nov., 1854. He was descended from John Howland, a pilgrim of 1620, and an assistant of the Plymouth colony. The younger John removed to Providence in 1770, and served thirteen months in the Revolutionary army. He was for twenty-one years president of the Rhode Island historical society, and was skilled in the history and antiquities of Plymouth colony. He was the author of addresses, orations, and historical papers. See his "Life and Recollections," by Rev. Edwin M. Stone (Providence, 1857).
HOWLAND, Robert Southworth, clergyman, b. in New York city, 9 Nov., 1820; d. in Morristown, N. J., 1 Feb., 1887. He was a son of Gardiner G. Howland, a New York merchant, of the firm of Howland and Aspinwall, and an active member of charitable organizations. Robert received a primary education in France, was graduated at St. Paul's college in 1840, and then studied in the general theological seminary of the Protestant Episcopal church in New York city. His studies were intermitted for three years, one of which he spent in Maryland, where he assisted Bishop John B. Kerfoot in organizing St. James's college, and two in foreign travel. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Brownell and priest by Bishop Ives of North Carolina in 1846. After serving as assistant in St. Luke's church, New York city, he became rector of the Church of the holy apostles, and in 1868 of the Church of the heavenly rest, when the parish was organized. Dr. Howland contributed largely of his own means toward the erection of its church-building on Fifth avenue, and was instrumental in having houses erected adjacent to the edifice of such a style of architec-
