the southern coasts of Cuba. Sailing thence for Puerto del Principe in 1667 with twelve ships car- rying only 1,700 men, they defeated an army of 4,000 Spanish, and for six days pillaged and burned the city. The booty amounted to over 400,000 pi- astres. In the following year Illigen, with Michel Le Basque, besieged Maracaibo, and imposed a ran- som of 700,000 piastres. Morgan united his forces in 1669 with those of Illigen, and together they at- tacked Maracaibo again with 900 men. The city, defended by a garrison of 3,000 men and protected by three forts, resisted for one month and then surrendered. The victors imposed an enormous contribution, and Illigen remained to collect it, while Morgan ransacked San Antonio de Gibraltar. They left Maracaibo two months later, and, on sailing, destroyed the fleet of Admiral Espinosa, which blockaded the bay. In December of the same year, Illigen joined Morgan again at Cape Tiburon, Santo Domingo, and, heading the first division of the fleet, landed on the isthmus and es- tablished himself in Fort San Lorenzo on the river Chagres, after defeating a Spanish army of 2,000 men ; but he died there of a fever a few days later.
ILLOWY, Bernhardt, clergyman, b. in Kolin,
Bohemia, in 1814; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 22 June,
1871. After studying at Pressburg and Pesth he
was called to Hesse-Cassel as a rabbinical candi-
date, but, the reactionary ministry of the interior
not favoring his appointment, he came to the
United States and officiated as rabbi in New York,
St. Louis, Syracuse, Baltimore, New Orleans, and
Cincinnati. He was a Talmudist of distinction,
and well known for his conservative views, an ac-
complished linguist, and an orator of power. His
command of Hebrew was notable.
IMECOURT, Antoine d' (e-may-koor), Spanish
soldier, b. in Moirans, Franche-Comte, in 1503 ; d.
in Patagonia in 1550. He commanded the " Espi-
ritu Santo " in Admiral Camargo's expedition
to the Straits of Magellan in 1539, and acted as
chief -of-staff of the expedition. They sailed from
San Lucar de Barrameda in August, 1539, and
anchored on 20 Jan., 1540, near the Cape of the Vir-
gins. A few days later they crossed the bar, sig-
nalled the Indians that had been left in those
countries by Magellan, and had already arrived in
sight of Port Famine when two vessels foundered
in a storm, among * them the " Espiritu Santo."
Imecourt managed to reach the coast in a small
boat with a few men, and they waited anxiously
for the return of the admiral ; but the latter, driven
by gales, was only too glad to enter Islay, the port
of Arequipa, Peru, after one of the most perilous
voyages on record. Imecourt understood, after a
few days of vain expectation, that all hopes of re-
lief were gone for the present, and he resolved to
establish a Spanish colony. He left the coast, and,
advancing as far as ninety miles inland, built Fort
San Tomas on the banks of a stream ; but his re-
sources were few, and he could rely only on hunt-
ing and fishing for subsistence. Little by little
discouragement spread in the colony and no relief
came, as the navigators who heard from Indians of
the existence of a European settlement near by
disbelieved the information. In 1550 Imecourt
died of exhaustion, and after his death the colony
dissolved. The survivors mingled with the Indi-
ans and forgot civilized life. A few of them, after
a tedious journey, reached the Spanish possessions
in Chili, and in Santiago told of their sufferings
and of the destruction of the colony. They were
at first considered impostors, but the truth was as-
certained afterward. Considering that Imecourt
and his companions had neither tools, arms, nor
provisions, their energy in founding a colony that
lasted ten vears is unparalleled in history.
IMFREVILLE-BAUDRY, Louis, Comte d'
(am-fray-veel'), French administrator, b. in Fort
Royal, Martinique, in 1731 ; d. there in 1780. He
entered the colonial administration in 1750, held
several offices in Santo Domingo, Guadeloupe, and
Martinique, and in 1762 was appointed lieutenant
of the king at Fort Royal. After the treaty of
Paris in 1763. the French government resolved to
compensate the loss of Canada by improving the
colonies of Guiana and the West Indies. Count
d'Imfreville was asked to report on the best means
to promote emigration from France to those
countries, and was appointed commissioner and
charged with the establishment in Guiana of 7,000
colonists, principally from Alsace. But the scheme
of the colonial administration was not a practica-
ble one, and the commissioner demanded permis-
sion to deal with the emigrants as he thought fit.
This was denied, and he resigned, returning to
Fort de France to resume his old office in 1764.
The new " France equinoxiale " in Cayenne proved
a failure, the greater part of the emigrants re-
turned home, but a few went to Martinique under
the direction of Count d'Imfreville, where they
settled and contributed to the prosperity of the
colony. Imfreville built a magnificent court-house
in Fort de France, and devoted his great wealth to
the benefit of the people, establishing, at his own
expense, a botanical garden and founding a hospi-
tal for disabled sailors. He published many works
on agriculture and history, including " Memoire k
sa majeste tres Chretienne sur la colonisation de
la Guyane " (1763) ; " Du regime interieur des es-
claves aux Antilles francaises " (Fort de France,
1767); "Statistique historique de la Martinique"
(3 vols., 1769) ; and " De la fabrication du sucre aux
colonies" (1776), which is yet a guide of the agri-
culturist in French West Indies.
IMHOFFER, Gustav Melchior, Brazilian explorer, b. near Graetz, Styria, in 1593; d. in Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1651. He became a Jesuit, and was attached in 1624 to the missions of South America. He resided many years in Peru, crossed the Andes to the headwaters of
the Amazon. in 1636, and descended that river from the Napo to its mouth in 1637, two years before the expedition of Texeira. He arranged his notes in Para, prior to his leaving for Spain when the expedition of Texeira arrived in that city, 1639, and. hearing that Acunha, who had accompanied Texeira, proposed to go to Madrid and present the council of the Indies with a relation of the expedition, he asked leave from his superiors to sail in
advance of Acunha, arriving in Madrid in November, 1639, and published immediately the relation of his own journey, " Descubrimiento del Rio de las Amazonas" (2 vols., with charts, Madrid, royal printing-office, 1640). In an introduction the author urged the king of Spain to conquer and civilize the vast country that he had explored. Acunha, who had arrived in Madrid in the mean while, published his own narrative, trying to cast discredit upon that of Imhoffer, and succeeded so well that, although the latter's narrative is better and more complete than that of Acunha, his name is scarcely known, and many historians have forgotten that he was the first European to describe
the Amazon. Gomberville, who gave a French version of Acunha's voyage (4 vols., Paris, 1682), published also a version of Imhoffer's narrative (3 vols., Paris, 1687), and the latter was also translated into English under the title " A Relation of a Journey along the River Amazon " (London, 1689).
