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the superior court in December, 1777, which office he resigned in August, 1778. In 1779 Gov. Richard Caswell appointed him attorney-general, but he re- signed soon afterward. During the Revolution he was the trusted adviser of William Hooper, Samuel Johnston, and other Whig leaders. In 1787 the assembly appointed him a commissioner to compile and revise the laws of the state. A part of his col- lection was printed in 1789, and the whole work, known as " Iredell's Revisal," was published in 1791 (Edenton). He was the leader of the Fed- eralists of North Carolina, and in the convention held at Hillsborough in 1788 he argued without success in favor of the adoption of the Federal con- stitution. On 10 Feb., 1790, President Washing- ton appointed him an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. In the case of Chisholm's executor against Georgia he delivered a dissenting opinion to the effect that the Federal court could not exer- cise jurisdiction over a state at the suit of a private citizen. In that of Wilson against Daniels he also dissented, and his view relative to jurisdiction on a writ of error was adopted in subsequent rulings of the court. His addresses to grand juries, explain- ing and extolling the constitution, were often pub- lished at the request of the jurors in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Richmond. Iredell county was named after him in 1788. He left nearly ready for the press at his death a treatise on pleading, which has never been published. See his " Life and Correspondence," by Griffith J. McRee (New York, 1857). — His son, James, senator, b. in Eden- ton, N. C, 2 Nov., 1788 ; d. there, 13 April, 1853, was graduated at Princeton in 1806, and studied law. In the war of 1812-'15 he raised a company of volunteers, and, marching with them to Norfolk, took part in the defence of Craney island. After the peace he returned to his profession, and was sent to the state house of representatives in 1816. He was speaker in 1817 and 1818, and was returned to the legislature for many years. In March, 1819, he was nominated a judge of the superior court, but resigned two months later. He was elected gov- ernor of North Carolina in 1827, and on the resig- nation of Nathaniel Macon was sent to the U. S. senate, serving from 23 Dec, 1828, till 3 March, 1831. He subsequently practised law in Raleigh, and for many years was reporter of the decisions of the supreme court. He was one of three com- missioners who were appointed to collect and revise the laws in force in the state. The result of their labors was the revised statutes passed at the session of 1836-'7, and afterward published (Raleigh, 1837). His reports of law-cases in the supreme court fill thirteen volumes, and the reports of cases in equity eight volumes (Raleigh, 1841-'52). He published also a " Treatise on the Law of Executors and Ad- ministrators," and a " Digest of all the Reported Cases in the Courts of North Carolina, 1778 to 1845 " (Raleigh, 1839-'46).

IRELAND, John, governor of Texas, b. in Hart county, Ky., 1 Jan., 1827. He studied law, re- moved to Texas in 1852, and practised at Seguin, of which town he was elected mayor in 1856. He was a member of the convention" that passed the ordinance of secession in 1861, and served through the war in the Confederate army, becoming lieu- tenant-colonel of a Texas infantry regiment in 1862. In 1866 he was elected a delegate to the State constitutional convention, and the same year a district judge. He was sent to the legislature in 1872, chosen a member of the state senate in 1873, and in 1875 appointed an associate judge of the supreme court of Texas. In 1882 he was elected governor, and in 1884 was re-elected.

IRELAND, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Burn- church. County Kilkenny, Ireland, 11 Sept., 1838. His parents emigrated to the United States when he was a boy, and settled in St. Paul, Minn., where he received his ear- ly education at the cathedral schools. He went to France in September, 1853, entered the Petit seminaire of Mexi- meux, and finished the course in four years, half the usual time. After study- ing theology in the Grand seminaire at Hyeres, he returned to St. Paul in 1861, and on 21 Dec. was ordained by Bishop Grace. He served as chaplain of the 5th Minnesota regi- ment during part

of the civil war, and

was afterward appointed rector of the cathedral at St. Paul, which post, with that of secretary of the diocese, he held until his consecration as coadjutor bishop. During this period Father Ireland labored earnestly in be- half of every charity and every religious and edu- cational institution of the diocese. In 1869 he or- ganized the first total abstinence society in the state, and he has been successful in organizing other temperance societies. In 1870 he went to Rome as the accredited representative of Bishop Grace at the Vatican council. In February, 1875, he was chosen to succeed Bishop O'Gorman in the vicariate of Nebraska, but through the efforts of Bishop Grace the appointment was cancelled, and he was then nominated coadjutor bishop of St. Paul, and consecrated. 21 Dec, 1875. After this Bishop Ireland undertook the work of coloniza- tion in the northwest, and as the founder of suc- cessful colonies, and one of the directors and workers in the National colonization association, his influence has been widely felt. In 1876 he made large purchases of land in Minnesota, which were taken up by 900 Roman Catholic colonists. The prosperity of this colony led him to buy 12,000 acres from the St. Paul and Pacific railroad in the following year with equally satisfactory results. He has been an active worker in the establishment of a Roman Catholic university, and on his visit to Rome in 1887 was engaged, in conjunction with Bishop Kean, of Richmond, in drawing up a re- port on this subject for the pope. He then went to England and Ireland, where his lectures con- tributed to a revival of temperance agitation. Bishop Ireland is an able orator and controver- sialist. He has been for several years president of the State historical society of Minnesota.

IRELAND, Josias Alexander, physician, b. in Jefferson county, Ky., 15 Sept., 1824. He studied medicine in the University of Louisville and in the Kentucky school of medicine, where he was graduated in 1851. He practised in Louisville, and since 1864 has confined himself to the specialties of obstetrics and gynecology. He became professor of obstetrics in the Kentucky school of medicine in 1864. professor of clinical medicine in the University of Louisville in 1866, and in 1867 returned to his former chair in the Kentucky school of medicine. In 1872 he was elected professor of the