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afterward he was appointed president of the prov- ince of Rio Janeiro, which office he occupied till 1839. On 23 May, 1840, he again entered the min- istry as secretary of the navy, but the cabinet lasted only one month. He was then elected to congress again, in 1844 was appointed senator by the em- peror, and in 1849 was made secretary of state. Assisted by the financier Bernardo Franco, he founded the Brazilian bank. On 6 Sept., 1853, he retired from the cabinet, being appointed council- lor of the government in financial matters, and in the same year was nominated president of the bank that he had founded. In 1859-'60 he was a mem- ber of the national board of education, and by his advice many improvements were introduced, espe- cially in the imperial college of Pedro II. He was after 1864 the principal leader of the Conservative party. He was called to the treasury portfolio dur- ing the war between Brazil and Paraguay, in 1868, and served till peace was concluded, when, on 28 Sept., 1870, he resigned. In 1871 his health failed, and he retired from public life.

ITAMARACA, Antonio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro (e-tah-mah rah-cah), Baron of, Brazilian statesman, b. in Pernambuco in 1802; d. in Lisbon. Portugal, 5 Jan., 1868. He studied in Coimbra and Paris, and was graduated in medicine from the university of the latter city in 1828. After his re- turn to Brazil he began to practise his profession, but soon abandoned it to take an active part in politics. He was elected to congress from the province of Pernambuco, joined the opposition against the regent Feijo in 1836, and soon was con- sidered one of the leaders of his party. When Feijo was forced to abdicate, 19 Sept., 1837. Ita- maraca was called to take charge of the portfolio of foreign relations, ably settled the Oyapoc diffi- culty with France, and signed several treaties of commerce with other foreign powers. In 1843 he was again elected deputy by the province of Per- nambuco, distinguishing himself as an orator, till congress was dissolved by the victorious Liberal opposition. In 1850 he was again sent to congress, and was elected president of the lower house. After many years of legislative duties he was ap- pointed minister to Portugal. He wrote many poems, most of which remain, in manuscript. A collection of the whole is now (1887) in preparation.

ITAPARICA, Manoel de Santa Rita (e-tah- pah-re-cah), Brazilian poet, b. in the island of Ita- parica in 1704; d. about 1770. He was admitted to the novitiate in the convent of Paraguazu on 2 July, 1720, and in 1724 took priestly orders. He was a man of very pronounced temperament and faculties, as well as an able and eloquent preacher. Although he did so much for the progress of learn- ing in his country, he passed his life in poverty. The work that made his name famous is " Poema sacro e tragicomico em que se contem a vida de Santo Eustachio martyr chamado antes Placido e de sua mulher e filhos. Por um anonymo, natural da ilha de Itaparica da Bahia, Dado a luz por um devoto del Santo," which was translated into Span- ish and Italian. Itaparica also wrote "Eusta- chidos" (1736); "Um Epigramma latine a morte do Rei Fidelisimo," " Uma Cancion funebre," and three sonnets.

ITAUMA, Candido Borges Monteiro (e-tah- oo'-mah), Viscount of, Brazilian physician and politician, b. in Rio Janeiro, 12 Oct., 1812; d. there, 25 Aug., 1872. He was graduated as sur- geon in the academy of Rio Janeiro in 1833, and began practice, but at the same time studied medi- cine, and was graduated in 1834. He then became connected with the medical department of the academy, filling various chairs till 1858, and dur- ing this time was the first to introduce modern instruments in surgery. He was physician to the imperial family, and in 1849 became mayor of Rio Janeiro. Soon afterward he was appointed com- missioner of emigration, and on 27 Aug., 1858, president of the province of Sao Paulo. The em- peror created him baron of Itauma and senator of the empire. In 1869 he went to Europe with the intention of studying improvements in medical science, but on his return was invited by Dom Pe- dro II. to be his companion in his journey through Europe. On its termination in 1872, Dr. Itauma accepted the portfolio of agriculture and com- merce, and in that year he was made a viscount. As minister of commerce he protected the emi- gration of Europeans, introduced many useful inventions, and supervised the construction of many miles of telegraph and railroad. He was en- gaged on this enterprise when he died, so poor that the government had to make an appropriation for the support of his family. Dr. Itauma was a mem- ber of manv scientific societies.

ITURBIDE, or YTIRBIDE, Agustin de (e- tur-be'-deh), emperor of Mexico, b. in Valladolid (now Morelia). 27 Sept., 1783; d. in Padilla, 19 July. 1824. His father came from Navarre shortly before his birth, and settled in New Spain. The son studied at the seminary of his native town till the death of his father in 1798. when he entered the provincial infantry as sub-lieutenant, and in 1805 went with it to garrison Jalapa, and married Ana Maria Huarte, of Valladolid. On his return in 1809 he aided in suppressing a revolutionary movement, and, when in 1810 Hidalgo was plan- ning with Allende the revolution for Mexican in- dependence, he declined to join them, and took the field for the Spanish cause, joiningwithhis force Torcuato Trujillo, to dis- pute the entry of the insur- gent army to the capital at Monte de las Cruces. Itur- bide was in the battle of 30 Oct., and. being promoted cap- tain of the bat- talion of Tula, was sent to the army of the

south under Garcia Rio. Impaired health

compelled him to go to the capital on leave of absence, and he thus escaped the fate of his commander, who was surprised and killed by the insurgents. After a visit to his native town he was sent to Guanajuato as second in command of Garcia Conde, and took part in the suppression of the rebellion, capturing one of the principal leaders in that province. Albino Garcia. He was then appointed colonel of the regiment of Celaya. with headquarters at Irapuato, organized the defence of San Miguel. Chamacuero, and San Juan de la Vega, and defeated the forces of the revolutionary chiefs. Rafael Rayon, Tovar, and Father Torres. In 1813 he was ordered with Llano to cover Valladolid, which was threatened by the forces of Jose Maria Morelos, and he repulsed the