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sota. In 1869 he was made superintendent of mis- sions for northern and western Iowa, Dakota, Nebraska, and other territories, and removed to Council Bluffs, giving especial attention to the or- ganization of churches in this region and along the Union Pacific railway. In 1870 he became superintendent of missions for the Rocky mountain territories, and settled in Denver, Col., with charge of the country from British America to Mexico. He remained there till 1882, when he was removed to the mission house in New York city and made business-manager of the " Presbyterian Home Mis- sionary." In 1879 and 1880 he was commissioned by the general government to bring Indian chil- dren from New Mexico and Arizona to the train- ing-schools for Indians in Carlisle, Pa., and Hamp- ton, Va. In 1885 he was appointed by the secre- tary of the interior U. S. general agent of education in Alaska, and became the founder of the public- school system of that territory. He has organized more than 100 churches and synods in the far west, and delivered more than 1.900 mission addresses in the east between 1869 and 1882. In 1872 he es- tablished an illustrated monthly paper, entitled '•The Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, at Denver, Col., of which he was editor and proprietor for ten years. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Hanover college in 1874. His publications are "Alaska and Missions on the North Pacific Coast" (New York, 1880); "Education in Alaska" (Wash- ington, 1881) ; and " First Annual Report on Education in Alaska " (1886).

JACKSON, Thomas Jonathan, soldier, b. in Clarksburg, West Va., 21 Jan., 1824: d. at Guinea station, Va., 10 May, 1863. His great-grand- father emigrated from London in 1748 to Mary- land. Here he married Elizabeth Cummins, and shortlv afterward re- moved to West Vir- ginia, where he found- ed a large family. At seven years of age Thomas Jonathan, whose father had been a lawyer, became an orphan, and he was brought up by a bach- elor uncle. Cummins Jackson. Young Jack- son's constitution was weak, but the rough life of a West Virginia farm strengthened it, and he became a constable for the county.

He was appointed a

cadet at the U. S. military academy at the age of eighteen. His preparation was poor, and he never reached a high grade. On his graduation in 1846 he was ordered to Mexi- co, became a lieutenant in Magruder's battery, and took part in Gen. Scott's campaign from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. He was twice brevetted for •od conduct at Churubusco and Chapultepec. iter the Mexican war he was for a time on duty at Fort Hamilton, New York harbor, and subsequent- ly was sent to Fort Meade, Florida. He resigned from the army in 1851, on his election as professor of philosophy and artillery tactics in Virginia mili- tary institute. He was noted for the faithfulness with which he performed his duties and his ear- nestness in matters of religion (he was a member and officer of the Presbyterian church); but his success as a teacher was not great. He took much interest in the improvement of the slaves and conducted a Sunday-school for their benefit, which continued in operation a generation after his death. A few days after the secession of Virginia he took command of the troops that were collecting at Har- per's Ferry, and, when Virginia joined the Con- federacy a few weeks later, he was relieved by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and then became commander of a brigade in Johnston's army, which rank he held at the battle of Bull Run. In that action the left of the Confederate line had been turned and the troops holding it driven back for some distance. Disaster to the Confederates was immi- nent, and Johnston was hurrying up troops to sup- port his left. Jackson's brigade was the first to get into position, and checked the progress of the National forces. The broken troops rallied upon his line, other re-enforcements reached the left, the Confederates took the aggressive, and in a short time gained a victory-. In the crisis of the fight, Gen. Bernard E. Bee, in rallying his men, said : " See, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall ; rally on the Virginians ! " Bee fell a few moments after, but his exclamation gave Jackson a new name. For his conduct at Bull Run, Jackson was made major-general, and in November, 1861, was assigned to the command of the district that included the Shenandoah valley and the portion of Virginia northwest of it. In the course of the winter he drove the National troops from his dis- trict, but the weather compelled him to return to winter quarters at Winchester. Early in March he was at Winchester with 5,000 men, while Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was advancing against him from the Potomac. Jackson's instructions were to detain as large a hostile force as possible in the valley, without risking the destruction of his own troops. He fell back forty miles before Banks; but as soon as the latter returned to Winchester and began to send his troops away, Jackson with 3,500 men made a forced march toward Winches- ter, and on 23 March attacked the troops still left in the valley with great vigor. In this battle (at Kernstown) he was defeated ; but so fierce and unexpected was the attack that Banks, with all the troops within reach, returned to the valley. Jack- son retreated up the Shenandoah and took position at Swift Run Gap in the Blue Ridge mountains.

At the end of April, 1862, he entered upon a new campaign in the valley. While McClellan's great army was pushing up the peninsula toward Richmond, Gen. Irvin McDowell with 30,000 men lay on the Rappahannock and threatened Richmond from the north. Banks with 20.000 men occupied Harrisonburg and was watching Jackson, while Fremont was gathering a column of 15,000 men on the upper Potomac and moving toward Staunton. Jackson was given control of all the Confederate troops in northern Virginia, with instructions to do the best he could to hamper the operations of the National armies in that region. His troops consisted of his own division of 8,000 men, Gen. Richard S. Ewell’s division of about the same number, and Gen. Edward Johnson's brigade of 3,000 men, which was in Fremont's front, Jackson, having united his own division with Johnson's brigade by a circuitous march, struck the head of Fremont's column at the village of McDowell on 8 May, and damaged it so as to paralyze it for some weeks. He then returned rapidly to the Shenandoah valley and concentrated all his forces against Banks, who, having sent half his troops to Gen. McDowell on the Rappahannock, had taken position at Strasburg and Front Royal. Jackson surprised him, overwhelmed the detachment at Front Royal on 23 May, and on the 25th