erected, besides many parochial edifices, the hos- pital " Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion " in the city of Saint John, with a capacity of 500 beds, and rebuilt the episcopal palace, that had lain many years in ruins, at his own expense. He never abandoned the habits and methods of his early life, observing them as rigorously as when he was an inmate of the cloister. He performed in- numerable works of charity, setting apart Satur- day of each week for the distribution of alms, and frequently giving so freely as to stint himself and family. He left many important manuscript docu- ments that are preserved in the ecclesiastical ar- chives of Porto Rico, and have greatly aided in historical researches regarding the West Indies.
JOGUES, Isaac, French missionary, b. in Orleans, Prance, 10 Jan., 1607 : d. in Ossernenon, near what is now Auriesville, Montgomery co., N. Y., 18 Oct., 1646. He became a member of the Jesuit order in October, 1624, was ordained priest in 1636. and went in the same year to Canada, where he was sent to labor among the Hurons at Ihonatiria. In 1638 he wintered among the Petuns, and, although meeting with much opposition, converted many of
the tribe. He was next stationed at the mission of St. Mary's on the Wye, visiting at the same time five Indian towns in the neighborhood. In the summer of 1642 he embarked on board a canoe, accompanied by several Hurons, and reached Quebec in search of supplies for the missions. He visited Sault Sainte Marie on the way, and was thus the
first missionary to plant the cross on Michigan soil. On his return from Quebec to the Huron country, the party with whom he was travelling fell into a Mohawk ambuscade. The Hurons. overconfident in their bravery, landed and were soon beaten. Father Jogues could have escaped, but when he
saw his companions prisoners, he surrendered in order to be near the wounded and dying. For attempting to console those who were undergoing torture, he was beaten until he was senseless, and barbarously treated. The Mohawks then embarked on Lake Champlain, and, meeting a party of their
countrymen on an island, compelled the prisoners to run the gantlet for their amusement. The missionary sank under the blows that he received, and was then dragged to a scaffold, where he was cruelly tortured. This treatment was repeated in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon on 14 Aug.,
and in two other villages, in one of which he baptized two Huron catechumens, in the midst of his agony, with some drops of dew on a corn-stalk that was thrown him by an Indian. Then the Mohawks decided to put all the prisoners to death ; but on further consideration they contented themselves with burning three Hurons at the stake. The
Dutch of Fort Orange raised a large sum of money, and made every effort to ransom Father Jogues and his servant Rene Goupil, but their generous efforts were unavailing. Soon afterward a war party arrived that had been defeated by the
rench, and the Mohawks resolved to kill all their
French prisoners. Father Jogues was spared for
the time, and in his captivity found his only con-
solation in instructing and confessing prisoners
who were burned at the stake, sometimes when
they were amid the flames. He was forced by the
Mohawks to follow them to their hunting-grounds,
where he did the work of the squaws and slaves.
After his labors, he wandered about the forest,
chanting psalms or praying before the sign of the
cross carved on some tree. The Indians took him
several times to the Dutch settlement at Renns-
selaerswyck, and he wrote from this station in Au-
gust, 1643, a letter to his provincial, giving an ac-
count of his captivity. Finally, by the aid of the
Dutch settlers, several of whom imperilled their
lives in his behalf, he succeeded in escaping just
as his captors were about to kill him in revenge
for a defeat they had suffered from the French.
He was brought to New Amsterdam, where his
misfortunes excited the deepest sympathy among
all classes. Governor Kieft and the clergyman
Dominie Megapolensis especially showed him the
warmest affection. In November, 1643, he sailed
for Europe, but was driven on the English coast,
and robbed of all that he possessed. He finally
succeeded in reaching France, where he was re-
ceived with great kindness. But he could not con-
trol his desire to return to Canada. He first requested permission from Innocent XI. to say mass with nmtilated hands. The reply of the pope was: "Indignum esse Christi martyrem Christi non bibere sanguinem." He embarked at La Rochelle in the spring of 1644, was stationed for some time at Montreal, and was sent to take part in the negotiations between the French and Mohawks at Three Rivers. Peace was concluded, but its ratification was delayed, and, to bring matters to a final settlement, Father Jogues set out for the Mohawk country with Sieur Bourdon, 16 May, 1646. He passed through Lake George, which he called Lac Sainte Sacrement, stopped on the way at Fort Orange to thank the Dutchmen who had succored him, and then proceeded to the Mohawk town of Onewyiure. The Mohawks received him kindly, and peace was concluded. He then went to Quebec, but only rested a few days. Although there were rumors that the Mohawks were about to renew the war, he was determined on establishing a mission among them. Yet he had no doubt as to the end. The words in his last letter were prophetic : " Ibo et non redibo." He was accompanied by several Hurons and a young Frenchman named Lalande. The Hurons abandoned him one after another, but the Frenchman remained faithful to the end. They met a party of Mohawks in their war-paint, and Father Jogues entered Ossernenon a second time as a captive, 17 Oct., 1646. On his previous visit he had left a chest containing his vestments and chapel service. The Mohawks believed that the caterpillars that devoured their crops, and a fever that was decimating them, owed their origin to this chest. They therefore resolved that he should die as a sorcerer, and began the butchery by slicing off the flesh from his arms and back, crying, " Let us see if this white flesh is that of an otkon " (sorcerer). His calm remonstrances in the midst of his torture seemed to produce some effect. A council of the clans assembled to decide his fate. While it was in session he was invited to a supper, and had scarcely entered the hut to which he was conducted when an Indian rushed from the darkness and struck him down lifeless with a single blow. His companion was also killed, and their heads were fixed on the north palisade, and their bodies flung into the Mohawk. Miracles were attributed to Father Jogues after his death, and the third plenary council of Baltimore, held in November, 1884, took steps toward his canonization. The site of Ossernenon has been identified. A chapel was erected on the spot in 1884 to commemorate his death and that of Rene Goupil. and Roman Catholics are making pilgrimages thither. Father Jogues wrote a " Description of New Netherlands in 1642," a "Notice of Rene Goupil," and a "Journal " of his captivity, all of which have been published in a volume of the " Collections of the New York Historical Society," and reprinted, with notes and a memoir, by John G. Shea (1862). His jour-
