at the universities of Leipsic and Munich in Ger- many. In 1856 he was appointed professor of theoretical and agricultural chemistry in the Shef- field scientific school, and he has since held that chair. He early became associated with the work conducted under the auspices of the Connecticut state agricultural society, and later was chemist of the Connecticut state board of agriculture, con- tributing to both of these organizations numerous papers and reports on fertilizers and kindred sub- jects, with analyses. He is a member of scientific societies, and was elected president of the Ameri- can chemical society in 1878, also receiving in 1866 an election to the National academy of sciences, and in 1875 was chairman of the chemical section of the American association for the advancement of science. As an authority on matters pertaining to the application of chemistry to agriculture, Prof. Johnson stands deservedly high. In addition to many papers that he has furnished to scientific journals and agricultural reports — among which are the " Examination of Two Sugars (Panocite and •Pinite) from California " (1856) ; " Soil Analyses : Notice of the Agricultural Chemistry of the Geo- logical Surveys of Kentucky and Arkansas " (1861) ; "On Native Crystallized Terpin " (1867); "On Nitrification " (1869) ; and " On the Use of Potas- sium Dichromate in Ultimate Organic Analysis" (1874) — he is the author of " Peat, and its Uses as a Fertilizer and Fuel " (New York, 1866) ; " How Crops Grow" (1868; London, 1869; German ed., Braunschweig, 1871 ; Russian ed., St. Petersburg, 1873); "How Crops Feed" (1870; German ed., Braunschweig, 1872) ; and also translator and edi- tor of Fresenius's "Manual of Qualitative Anal- ysis" (1864); and his "Manual of Quantitative Analysis " (1869).
JOHNSON, Sarah Barclay, author, b. in Albe-
marle county, Va., in 1837; d. in Greenwich,
Conn., 21 April, 1885. Her father, Dr. James T.
Barclay, was for some time a missionary in Jerusa-
lem, and wrote a description of that city entitled
"The City of the Great King" (Philadelphia,
1857). His daughter accompanied him on this
mission, and drew most of the illustrations in his
book. In 1856 she married J. Augustus Johnson,
then U. S. consul-general in Syria, and returned
with him to that country, where she lived many
years. She afterward resided with her husband in
New York city, and after 1883 in Greenwich,
Conn. She was shot, together with her daughter,
by her son, who took his own life immediately
afterward. His act was regarded as the result of a
fit of insanity. Mrs. Johnson published " The Hadji
in Syria," which attained popularity (Philadelphia,
1858). Her son, Barclay (1862-85), had been re-
cently graduated at the head of his class at Yale,
and was a young man of much promise. He had
contributed to periodicals, and published an ad-
dress on education (1884).
JOHNSON, Theodore Taylor, merchant, b. in
Lebanon, N. J., in 1818. He was engaged in com-
merce in Philadelphia from 1843 till 1860, and in
1847 his firm were the largest shippers of bread-
stuffs from that port to Great Britain. In 1849 he
visited Jamaica, Central America, and Mexico, and
was the bearer of government despatches to Com.
Jones, commander of the fleet on the California
coast. In 1862 he travelled extensively through
South America. He published " California and
Oregon, or Sights in the Gold Region and Scenes
by the Way " (New York, 1849).
JOHNSON, Thomas, statesman, b. in St. Leon-
ard's, Calvert co., Md., 4 Nov., 1732 ; d. at Rose Hill,
Frederick co., Md., 25 Oct., 1819. His grandfather,
Thomas Johnson, emigrated to Maryland in 1689-
'90. The grandson studied law and was admitted
to the bar of the general court. He represented
Anne Arundel county in the house of delegates of
the province from 17*62 till 1773, and was the lead-
ing spirit in all the measures and discussions in
opposition to the stamp-tax. On 6 Dec, 1765, he
prepared and reported the instructions to Charles
Garth, agent of the province in London, that the
agent should exert himself in opposition to any
scheme to tax the province, and on 15 Oct., 1773,
he was elected one of the committee of correspond-
ence. In June, 1774, he was member of the con-
vention of county committees which met at An-
napolis and elected deputies for the province to at-
tend a general congress of representatives from all
the colonies " to effect one general plan of conduct
operating on the commercial connection of the
colonies with the mother country for the relief of
Boston and the preservation of American liberty."
On 15 June, 1775, as deputy from Maryland in the
congress at Philadelphia, he nominated George
Washington to be commander-in-chief of the army.
During 1775 he was also a member of the commit-
tee of safety and of the provincial convention. On
5 Jan., 1776, he was elected senior brigadier-gen-
eral of the military forces of the province. He
prepared and reported a scheme for the emission of
bills of credit to defray the expenses of defending
the province, and was in charge of all measures
and means for the public defence. On 21 May,
1776, he was re-elected to congress, but remained
in the provincial convention organizing the prov-
ince for resistance. On 4 July the convention re-
elected him to congress, resolving that it was more
important to have his services in congress than at
home, and on 10 Nov. he was again elected to the
Continental congress. On 14 Feb., 1777, he was
elected the first governor of Maryland, and he was
re-elected in 1778 and 1779. In October, 1780, he
was again elected deputy to the Provincial con-
gress, and in December of that year was elected a
member of the house of delegates, where, on 21
Jan., 1781, he introduced a bill to confiscate all
British property in Maryland. On the 29th he
procured a message to be sent by the house to the
senate, pressing for instructions to be sent to the
Maryland deputies to sign the articles of confed-
eration. Mainly owing to Johnson's efforts these
instructions were given, and John Hansen and
Daniel Carroll signed the articles on 1 March, 1781.
Up to that time Maryland had refused to join the
confederation until Virginia should agree to re-
lease all lands west of the Ohio river. Gov. John-
son was member of the house of delegates in Octo-
ber, 1781, of the Continental congress in 1781-87,
and in 1787 introduced a resolution to sell the
western lands. He was member of the Maryland
convention of 1789 to ratify the constitution of the
United States, and was an ardent supporter of it.
On the organization of the judiciary under the new
government, he was appointed one of the district
judges, which office he declined, and on 20 April,
1790, he was appointed chief judge of the general
court of Maryland, but resigned on 7 Nov., 1791,
on being appointed an associate justice of the U.
S. supreme court. On the resignation of John
Rutledge as chief justice, Washington insisted on
Judge Johnson's taking that place, but he declined.
He resigned on 4 March, 1793, and on 24 Aug.,
1795, was tendered the portfolio of secretary of
state, which he declined. He was appointed, with
Dr. Stuart and Daniel Carroll, commissioner to lay
out the city of Washington. In 1774 he became
engaged with Washington in the scheme for the
