but in 1874 was elected to congress from Indiana, and served from 6 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877.
LANDIVAR, Raphael, Central American cler-
gyman, b. in Guatemala, 27 Oct., 1731 ; d. in Bo-
logna, Italy, 27 Sept., 1795. He became a Jesuit
in Tepozotlan, 7 Feb., 1750, and afterward taught
theology and philosophy in his native city. After
the banishment of the Jesuits from the Spanish
colonies he resided in Italy. Besides several funer-
al orations (Los Angeles, Mexico, 1766) he wrote a
Latin poem, which was popular among Italian
scholars in its day. The last edition is entitled
" Raphaelis Landivar Rusticatio Mexicana, Editio
auctior et emendatior" (Bologna, 1782).
LANDO, or OLANDO, Francisco Manuel de,
governor of Porto Rico; b. in Castile, Spain, about
1480; d. in Spain after 1539. He came as the lieu-
tenant of Admiral Diego Columbus to the island
of Santo Domingo in 1509, where he showed skill
and energy, and in the year 1530 he was appointed
by the admiral, and confirmed by the emperor,
governor of the island of Porto Rico. In this
same year three terrible hurricanes visited the isl-
and — on 26 June and 23 and 31 Aug. — which de-
stroyed all the farms and drowned almost all the
cattle.- Two months afterward, on 23 Oct., the
Caribs attacked the island, slaughtering its in-
habitants and destroying their property. Owing
to these events and to the recent conquest of Peru,
with the exaggerated accounts of its riches, the in-
habitants of Porto Rico made ready in large num-
bers to leave their island. To prevent its total de-
population, Lando imposed on all who intended to
emigrate the penalty of death or mutilation. These
measures and his persecutions of the Caribs re-
sulted in the firm establishment of the colony,
where Lando remained until 1539.
LANDOLPHE, John Francis, French navi-
gator, b. in Auxonne, Burgundy, 3 Feb., 1747; d.
in Paris in 1825. He went to Paris at the age of
eighteen to study medicine, but resolved to become
a sailor, and he made his first voyage in 1767 on a
merchant vessel bound for Santo Domingo. He was
made captain in 1775, and spent the next three
years in efforts to extend the French colonies on
the west coast of Africa. In 1778 he made several
voyages to the Antilles and the coast of North
America, after which he returned to Africa. He
was at Guadeloupe toward the end of 1792, where
by his courage and presence of mind he did much
to save the colony from external attacks, and de-
fended it against a revolt of the negroes. Later he
was intrusted by the French government with the
task of obtaining for the island the stores and
munitions of war of which it stood in need. He
skilfully eluded the English cruisers, reached the
United States safely, and fulfilled his mission. The
French ambassador gave him the command of a
vessel that had been taken from the English, in
which he was to return to Guadeloupe. On reach-
ing the island, he found that a captain who had
sailed with him was accused before the revolution-
ary tribunal of intending to deliver his vessel to
the enemy. At great risk to himself, Landolphe
pleaded warmly for his friend and procured his
acquittal. Some months afterward his vessel was
taken by an English frigate and he was led prisoner
to Portsmouth. After his release he was given
command of a frigate on which he sailed for Guiana
in 1796. He cruised along this coast and among
the West Indian islands up to 1800, capturing sev-
eral English merchantmen. In that year the
French squadron was attacked by a superior Eng-
lish force and his vessel taken. After his release
he spent the rest of his life chiefly in writing his
memoirs. They are entitled " Memoires du capi-
taine Landolphe, contenant l'histoire de ses voy-
ages pendant trente-six ans, aux cotes d'Afrique et
auxdeux Ameriques,rediges sur son manuscnt par
J. S. Quesne " (Paris, 1823).
LANDRAM, John James, soldier, b. in War-
saw. Ky., 16 Nov., 1826. He obtained an English
education, and at nineteen years of age enlisted in
the 1st Kentucky cavalry, under Col. Humphrey
Marshall, and led his co'mpany in the battle of
Buena Vista. He was elected to the legislature in
1851, and was afterward circuit clerk until 1858,
being master-commissioner at the same time. He
was then graduated at the law-school in Louisville,
and settled in Warsaw, Ky., where he has since
practised his profession. At the opening of the
civil war he aided in recruiting and organizing for
the National government the 18th Kentucky regi-
ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel. He
was afterward transferred to the command of the
post at Cynthiana, Ky., where large army supplies
were stored. The garrison of several hundred home-
guards and recruits, and a squadron of artillery,
was attacked by Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry,
23 July, 1862, and after a desperate struggle, with
severe losses on both sides, was compelled to surren-
der. Col. Landram escaped, with a slight wound,
to Paris, where, on the next day, he rallied and
uniied several detachments of National troops, and
harassed Morgan on his retirement from Kentucky. On 3D Aug., 1862, he led his regiment in
the battle of Richmond, Ky., where several horses
were shot under him, and he received a serious
wound in the head, which partially blinded him
for life and compelled him to retire from the serv-
ice. He had been recommended for promotion to
the rank of brigadier-general. Col. Landram was
elected to the state senate in 1863, and served as
chairman of the committee on military affairs
through the remainder of the war. He was de-
feated as a Republican candidate for congress in
1876 and 1884, and was a delegate to the Republi-
can national convention in the former year.
LANDRETH, David, agriculturist, b. in Phila-
delphia in 1802 ; d. in Bristol, Pa., 22 Feb., 1880.
He was the son of David Landreth, an English
farmer, who emigrated to the United States in
1783. After receiving an education in private
schools he joined his father in the nursery busi-
ness. He was a member of various public organi-
zations, one of the founders of the Pennsylvania
horticultural society in 1827, and its corresponding
secretary from 1828 till 1836, and president of the
Society for the promotion of agriculture. He pub-
lished the "Illustrated Floral Magazine" in 1832,
was the author of numerous fugitive articles on
agricultural and horticultural subjects, and edited,
with additions, Johnson's " Dictionary of Modern
Gardening" (Philadelphia, 1847).
LANDRETH, Olin Henry, engineer, b. in Addison, N. Y., 21 July, 1852. He was graduated as a civil engineer in 1876 at Union college, but continued his scientific studies as a graduate for a year longer. In August, 1877, he became assistant astronomer at the Dudley observatory in Albany,
N. Y., which appointment he held until September, 1879. when he was called to the chair of engineering in Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn. Prof. Landreth was consulting engineer in regard to the new water-supply of Nashville in 1884-'5, and has also filled other shorter engineering engagements. He is a member of scientific societies, and, besides contributing technical papers to their proceedings, he has published "Metric Tables for
Engineers " (Philadelphia, 1883).
