rector, and had charge of all the churches in the city. He continued to read prayers for the king during the revolution, until Lord Stirling, in command at New York, compelled him to desist; whereupon he locked the churches and withdrew to New Jersey, ordering that no services should be held until the prayers could be read without abridgment. When the British captured New York he passed the American lines amid great hardships. He found his church and parsonage burned and the church records destroyed. The exposure that he underwent in order to evade the American sentries caused his death. — Sir Samuel, British general, son of the Rev. Dr. Samuel, b. in New York, 22 June, 1758; d. in Dublin, Ireland, 11 Aug., 1822, was graduated at King's college in 1775, and volunteered in the British army in August, 1776; was commissioned for gallant conduct at the battle of Long Island, and served in three campaigns against the Americans. He obtained a captaincy, and served in India from 1783 to 1796. In 1800 he was adjutant-general in Abercrombie's Egyptian expedition, in 1803 was made a knight of the bath went in 1806 to South America as a brigadier-general, and in February, 1807, captured Montevideo. In 1810 he was in command in the Carnatic, and in 1811 he reduced Java. Returning to England in 1813, he was made a lieutenant-general, and in 1822 was appointed commander-in-chief in Ireland.
AUDENRIED, Joseph Crain, soldier, b. in
Pottsville, Pa., 6 Nov., 1839; d. in Washington, 3
June, 1880. He was graduated at West Point in 1861,
was brevetted second lieutenant, 4th cavalry, and
assisted in organizing and drilling the troops then
assembled in Washington. He took part in the
first campaign as aide-de-camp to Gen. Tyler, and
served with the 2d artillery till March, 1862. During
the peninsular campaign he was acting assistant
adjutant-general to Gen. Emory's cavalry command.
In July, 1862, he became aide-de-camp to
Gen. Sumner, commanding 2d army corps, and
acted in this capacity until the death of Gen.
Sumner in March, 1863. He was wounded at Antietam,
and brevetted captain. He reported as aide-de-camp
to Gen. Grant in June, 1863, and witnessed
the surrender of Vicksburg. He joined the staff
of Gen. Sherman at Memphis on 1 Oct., 1863, and
shared in the Chattanooga and Knoxville
campaign, that to Meridian, the Atlanta campaign, the
march to the sea, and that through the Carolinas.
He accompanied Gen. Sherman during his several
tours through the great west, among the Indians,
and through Europe, and continued to discharge
the duties of aide-de-camp to the general of the
army until his death.
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AUDUBON, John James, naturalist, b. near New Orleans, La., 4 May, 1780; d. near New York city, 27 Jan., 1851. His grandfather was a fisherman of La Vendee, in France, and his father, who had worked his way up to the command of a French man-of-war, and had acquired a plantation in Louisiana, married there a lady of Spanish descent, named Anne Moynette. When very young, Audubon lived for a short time on a plantation belonging to his father in Santo Domingo, and, after his mother's death in a negro insurrection, was taken to France to be educated. His parents had encouraged in him a love of nature almost before he was able to walk, and he had long amused himself by trying to transfer to paper the graceful forms of the tropical birds with which he was familiar. Although his efforts fell so far short of his ideal that he was accustomed to make a bonfire of them on each birthday, they nevertheless showed talent, and his father placed him in the studio of the celebrated painter David. Here he was set to drawing horses' heads and the limbs of giants, instead of his favorite birds. He persevered, however, in this one study, while he neglected all the others, preferring to spend his time in excursions through the woods, gathering specimens and making drawings of birds. Seeing his tastes, his father, who had designed him for the navy, gave up his plan, and sent the boy, then seventeen years old, to a farm belonging to him at Mill Grove, near Philadelphia. Here young Audubon spent his time in hunting, fishing, drawing, and collecting specimens of natural history. A visit to France, made to lay before his father some grievances against the agent who had charge of the property, enabled Audubon to add largely to his collections. His house at Mill Grove became a museum, filled with stuffed animals, and decorated with festoons of birds' eggs, and with drawings of birds and beasts. He became an excellent marksman, and was also at this time quite a dandy, if we may credit his own account. While at Mill Grove he fell in love with Lucy Bakewell, daughter of an Englishman who had come to America a few years before, and whose property adjoined that of Audubon. At the desire of Mr. Bakewell, who thought him somewhat unpractical, he entered the employ of a firm in New York, where he soon demonstrated his lack of interest in anything but natural history, collecting specimens with his usual earnestness, and letting business take care of itself. It is related that his neighbors at one time made a legal complaint against him on account of the disagreeable odor from the drying bird-skins in his room. He soon returned to his home, and, thinking he might be more successful in the west, formed a partnership with Ferdinand Rosier, a friend, and, having sold his farm, started, in 1808, for Louisville, Ky., with a stock of goods bought with the proceeds. Before setting out he married Miss Bakewell, and the journey to Louisville, part of which was made in a flat-boat, was their bridal tour. In Louisville, Audubon left business to Rosier, and spent his time in the more congenial occupation of tramping the woods in search of birds and in drawing pictures of them. In his store at Louisville he met Alexander Wilson, the celebrated ornithologist, who had come to solicit Audubon's subscription to his book on American birds, and was naturally astonished when he was shown drawings superior to his own, some of them representing birds he had never seen. Audubon relates that he gave Wilson considerable aid in his search for specimens, but the latter seems to have been somewhat jealous of the rival he had so unexpectedly discovered, and afterward wrote disparagingly of his visit to Louisville. Audubon's business did not prosper, and, after two removals in a vain search for better success, the partnership was dissolved in 1812, and Audubon settled with his wife and their son Victor at Hendersonville, where his second son,
